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Neuro > General Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

General Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the input nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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2
Q

What are the intrinsic nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

external globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
pars compacta of the substantia nigra

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3
Q

what are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Internal globus pallidus

pars reticulata of the substatia nigra

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4
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus comprised of?

A

the globus pallidus and putamen

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5
Q

Where in the brain do motor commands originate?

A

the motor cortex

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6
Q

Is the output of the basal ganglia mainly excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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7
Q

What is the substatia nigra comprised of?

A

the pars compacta

the pars reticulata

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8
Q

What is the striatum comprised of?

A

the caudate and putamen

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9
Q

What is the fancy anatomy term for brain?

A

encephalon

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10
Q

The superior inferior colliculi comprise which section of the midbrain?

A

the tectum

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11
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi known collectively as?

A

corpora quadrigemina

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12
Q

Describe the position of the tectum relative to the cerebral aqueduct

A

the tectum is dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

What three parts can the midbrain be divided into?

A

tectum
tegmentum
crus cerebri

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14
Q

What separates the tegmentum from the crus cerebri?

A

the substantia nigra

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15
Q

What is everything in the midbrain expect the tectum collectively referred to as ?

A

the cerebral peduncle

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16
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

the thalamus

the hypothalamus

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17
Q

In grey matter, what is the feltwork of neuronal processes that occupy the space between cell bodies referred to as?

A

neuropil

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18
Q

What is the cortex of the brain?

A

the outer surface

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19
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

outer endosteal layer

inner meningeal layer

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21
Q

What is the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater referred to as?

A

the subarachnoid space

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22
Q

What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

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23
Q

Where will you find trabeculae ?

A

subarchnoid space

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24
Q

In which lobe will you find the primary motor cortex?

A

the frontal lobe

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25
Q

In which lobe will you find the prefrontal cortex?

A

the frontal lobe

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26
Q

In which lobe will you find the primary auditory cortex?

A

the temporal lobe

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27
Q

In which lobe will you find Wenicke’s area?

A

the temporal lobe

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28
Q

In which lobe will you find the amygdala and hippocampus ?

A

the temporal lobe

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29
Q

What things do you find in the temporal lobe?

A

the primary auditory cortex
Wenicke’s area
Hippocampus
amygdala

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30
Q

In which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

the parietal lobe

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31
Q

In which lobe will you find the visual cortex?

A

the occipital lobe

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32
Q

What are the grooves between gyri referred to as?

A

sulci

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33
Q

Which fisssure separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

the central sulcus

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34
Q

What lobes does the lateral sulcus separate ?

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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35
Q

What forms the floor of the lateral sulcus?

A

the insula

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36
Q

What are the parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula called?

A

the opercula ( means lips)

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37
Q

What fissure separates the two hemispheres ?

A

the longitudinal fissue

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38
Q

What is the bundle of white matter that connects the two hemispheres called?

A

the corpus callosum

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39
Q

When looking at the inferior surface of the brain, where are the mamillary bodies relative to the optic chiasm?

A

posterior

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40
Q

Which parietal lobe is usually dominant?

A

left lobe

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41
Q

In which lobe will you find Broca’s area?

A

frontal lobe

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42
Q

Where in the temporal lobe can you find the auditory cortex?

A

around the lateral fissure

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43
Q

What can the lateral fissure also be called?

A

the sylvian fissure

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44
Q

Where will you find the falx cerebri?

A

in the longitidinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

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45
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

where the falx cerebri attatches to the cranium

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46
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

On the free border of the falx cerebri

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47
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum

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48
Q

Where is the straight sinus ?

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli at its attachment to the falx cerebri

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49
Q

Where are the transverse sinuses?

A

Running along the line of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to the occipital bone

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50
Q

Where is the cavernos sinus ?

A

lateral to the body of the sphenoid

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51
Q

What does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

the two lobes of the cerebellum

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52
Q

What is the foramen of magendie?

A

a midline communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

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53
Q

What is the foramen of luschka ?

A

a lateral communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

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54
Q

What are cisterns full of?

A

CSF

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55
Q

What features does the blood-brain barrier have that protect the brain from toxic substances?

A

endothelial cells are bound by tight junctions ]
basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations
Pericytes regulate capillary blood flow
Astrocytes extend processes called end feet that envelope the CNS capillaries

56
Q

Where do the arteries and veins on the surface of the brain lie?

A

the subarachnoid space

57
Q

What are the anatomical elements of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  1. endothelial cells of capillaries
  2. The basement membrane
  3. astrocytic end feet
58
Q

Blood arrives in the skull through which two pairs of vessels?

A

internal carotid arteries

vertebral arteries

59
Q

Which part of the cerebrum is supplied by the vertebral arteries?

A

the psoterior cerebrum

60
Q

Which parts of the cerebrum are supplied by the internal carotid arteries?

A

the anterior cerebrum

the middle cerebrum

61
Q

What are the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

the middle cerebral artery

the anterior cerebral artery

62
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

the corpus callosum

the medial aspects of the hemispheres

63
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

the majority of the lateral surface of the hemisphere

64
Q

Which artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries?

A

the anterior communicating artery

65
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

the subclavian arteries

66
Q

The vertebral arteries unite to form which artery?

A

the basilar artery

67
Q

Where does the basilar artery sit on the pons?

A

In the anterior median fissure

68
Q

What connects the major cerebral veins to the internal jugular veins?

A

sinuses

69
Q

Why is the cavernous sinus of significance?

A

contains 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery

70
Q

Where is the largest aggregation of choroid plexus?

A

the lateral ventricles

71
Q

Describe the passage of CSF through the ventricles

A

The majority of CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles
Passes via the interventricular foramen into the third ventricle
Passes through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle
Passes into the subarchnoid space via the median foramen of magendie and the lateral foramen of luschka

72
Q

Describe the reabsorption of CSF into the venous drainage of the brain

A

Arachnoid villi calcify to form arachnoid granulations

73
Q

Which lobe does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

the frontal lobe

74
Q

The hypoglossal canal is found in which cranial fossa?

A

posterior

75
Q

The optic canal is found in which cranial fossa?

A

middle

76
Q 
In which cranial fossa will you find....
the foramen rotundum
the foramen ovale 
the foramen lacerum 
the foramen spinosum
A

the middle cranial fossa

77
Q

In which cranial fossa will you find the internal aciustic meatus ?

A

posterior

78
Q

which nerve travels though the hypoglossal canal?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

79
Q

Which nerve travels through the foramen ovale?

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal

80
Q

Which nerve travels through the foramen rotundum?

A

the maxillary division of the trigeminal

81
Q

Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

the glossopharyngeal
the vagus
the accessory

82
Q

What is the chorda tympani nerve a branch of?

A

the facial nerve

83
Q

What is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of?

A

the facial nerve

84
Q

In which bone is the foramen magnum located?

A

the occipital bone

85
Q

In which bone is the carotid foramen located?

A

the temporal bone

86
Q

In which bone is the optic canal located?

A

the sphenoid bone

87
Q

Which bone does the internal acoustic meatus lie in?

A

the temporal bone

88
Q

In which bone will you find the superior orbital fissure?

A

the sphenoid bone

89
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies the visual cortex?

A

posterior cerebral artery

90
Q

What three parts comprise the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

91
Q

Where do the middle cerebellar peduncles go from and to?

A

go from the pons to the cerebellum

92
Q

Where is the decussation of the pyramids?

A

the medulla

93
Q

Where do you find the pyramids and olives?

A

the medulla

94
Q

Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle go from and to?

A

goes from the medulla to the cerebellum

95
Q

The superior colliculi are part of which system?

A

the visual system

96
Q

the inferior colliculi are part of which system?

A

the auditory system

97
Q

List the cranial nerves

A 
I-olfactory
II-optic
III-oculomotor
IV-trochlear
V-trigeminal 
VI-adbucens 
VII-facial 
VIII-vestibulocochlear
IX- glossopharyngeal
X-vagus
XI-accessory
XII- hypoglossal
98
Q

What is the mneumonic to remember is the cranial nerves are sensory, motor or both?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most

99
Q

which gland synthesises melatonin?

A

the pineal gland

100
Q

Which pathway conveys auditory information from the medial geniculate body to the inferior colliculi?

A

Inferior brachium

101
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the medulla, what sulcus marks the midline and what swellings lie either side od this?

A

posterior median sulcus

gracile tubercles

102
Q

What are the swellings called that lie lateral to the gracile tubercles in the posterior aspect of the medulla?

A

cuneate tubercles

103
Q

What is caused by unilateral inflammation of the facial nerve?

A

Bell’s Palsy

104
Q

Bulbar palsy is impairment of the cranial nerves that arise from the medulla. Which nerves arise from the medulla?

A

IX -glossopharyngeal
X -vagus
XI -accessory
XII -hypoglossal

105
Q

What can you find between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

the vermis

106
Q

What are the ridges called in the surface of the cerebellum?

A

folia

107
Q

What runs through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

108
Q

Where in the brain would you find the red nucleus?

A

the midbrain

109
Q

What structures would you find on the inferior surface of the cerebellum?

A

tonsil
flocculus
nodule
flocculo-nodular lobe

110
Q

What is the largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

the dentate nucleus

111
Q

Which gyrus is the site of the primary motor cortex?

A

the precentral gyrus

112
Q

Which gyrus is the site if the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

the postcentral gyrus

113
Q

The arterial supply to the basal ganglia comes mainly from which artery?

A

the middle cerebral artery

114
Q

What does the basal ganglia help prevent?

A

excessive and exaggerated movements

115
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the pons?

A

the IVth ventricle

116
Q

What type of matter forms the cerebellar cortex?

A

grey matter

117
Q

What type of matter will you find deep to the cerebellar cortex?

A

white matter

118
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

the primary fissure

119
Q

What three paired arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

the superior cerebellar artery
the anterior inferior cerebellar artery
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

120
Q

Which cerebellar arteries are branches of the basilar artery?

A

the superior cerebellar artery

the anterior inferior cerebellar artery

121
Q

Which cerebellar artery is a branch of the vertebral artery?

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

122
Q

What are the flocculus and the nodule referred to together?

A

the flocculo-nodular lobe

123
Q

How much CSF is produced a day?

A

500ml

124
Q

what is the diamond shaped floor of the IVth ventricle called?

A

the rhomboid fossa

125
Q

What divides the rhomboid fossa into left and right halves?

A

the median sulcus

126
Q

What is the posterior part of the corpus callosum called?

A

the splenium

127
Q

What lies in the walls of the calcarine sulcus?

A

the primary visual cortex

128
Q

What are the parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium

129
Q

What is the fornix?

A

a bundle of white matter beneath the body of the corpus callosum. Connects the hippocampus with the diencephalon and the precomissural septum

130
Q

What is the commissure of the fornix?

A

fibres from one hippocampus cross to the opposite fornix and so back to the opposite hippocampus

131
Q

What is the anterior comissure?

A

Thick bundle of white matter crossing the midline horizontally

132
Q

What are the three main types of fibres

A

association fibres
comissural fibres
projection fibres

133
Q

What are association fibres?

A

link cortical regions within one cerebral hemisphere

134
Q

What are comissural fibres?

A

link similar functional areas of the two hemispheres

135
Q

What type of fibres would you find in the corpus callosum?

A

comissural fibres

136
Q

what are projection fibres ?

A

link the cortex with subcortical structures such as the thalamus and spinal cord via the internal capsule and corona radiata

Neuro (7 decks)

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