General Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the input nuclei of the basal ganglia?
A
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
2
Q
What are the intrinsic nuclei of the basal ganglia?
A
external globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
pars compacta of the substantia nigra
3
Q
what are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia?
A
Internal globus pallidus
pars reticulata of the substatia nigra
4
Q
What is the lentiform nucleus comprised of?
A
the globus pallidus and putamen
5
Q
Where in the brain do motor commands originate?
A
the motor cortex
6
Q
Is the output of the basal ganglia mainly excitatory or inhibitory?
A
inhibitory
7
Q
What is the substatia nigra comprised of?
A
the pars compacta
the pars reticulata
8
Q
What is the striatum comprised of?
A
the caudate and putamen
9
Q
What is the fancy anatomy term for brain?
A
encephalon
10
Q
The superior inferior colliculi comprise which section of the midbrain?
A
the tectum
11
Q
What are the superior and inferior colliculi known collectively as?
A
corpora quadrigemina
12
Q
Describe the position of the tectum relative to the cerebral aqueduct
A
the tectum is dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct
13
Q
What three parts can the midbrain be divided into?
A
tectum
tegmentum
crus cerebri
14
Q
What separates the tegmentum from the crus cerebri?
A
the substantia nigra
15
Q
What is everything in the midbrain expect the tectum collectively referred to as ?
A
the cerebral peduncle
16
Q
What is the diencephalon comprised of?
A
the thalamus
the hypothalamus
17
Q
In grey matter, what is the feltwork of neuronal processes that occupy the space between cell bodies referred to as?
A
neuropil
18
Q
What is the cortex of the brain?
A
the outer surface
19
Q
What are the meninges?
A
Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
20
Q
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
A
outer endosteal layer
inner meningeal layer
21
Q
What is the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater referred to as?
A
the subarachnoid space
22
Q
What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?
A
CSF
23
Q
Where will you find trabeculae ?
A
subarchnoid space
24
Q
In which lobe will you find the primary motor cortex?
A
the frontal lobe
25
In which lobe will you find the prefrontal cortex?
the frontal lobe
26
In which lobe will you find the primary auditory cortex?
the temporal lobe
27
In which lobe will you find Wenicke's area?
the temporal lobe
28
In which lobe will you find the amygdala and hippocampus ?
the temporal lobe
29
What things do you find in the temporal lobe?
the primary auditory cortex
Wenicke's area
Hippocampus
amygdala
30
In which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex?
the parietal lobe
31
In which lobe will you find the visual cortex?
the occipital lobe
32
What are the grooves between gyri referred to as?
sulci
33
Which fisssure separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
the central sulcus
34
What lobes does the lateral sulcus separate ?
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
35
What forms the floor of the lateral sulcus?
the insula
36
What are the parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula called?
the opercula ( means lips)
37
What fissure separates the two hemispheres ?
the longitudinal fissue
38
What is the bundle of white matter that connects the two hemispheres called?
the corpus callosum
39
When looking at the inferior surface of the brain, where are the mamillary bodies relative to the optic chiasm?
posterior
40
Which parietal lobe is usually dominant?
left lobe
41
In which lobe will you find Broca's area?
frontal lobe
42
Where in the temporal lobe can you find the auditory cortex?
around the lateral fissure
43
What can the lateral fissure also be called?
the sylvian fissure
44
Where will you find the falx cerebri?
in the longitidinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres
45
Where is the superior sagittal sinus?
where the falx cerebri attatches to the cranium
46
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?
On the free border of the falx cerebri
47
Where is the tentorium cerebelli?
forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum
48
Where is the straight sinus ?
Within the tentorium cerebelli at its attachment to the falx cerebri
49
Where are the transverse sinuses?
Running along the line of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to the occipital bone
50
Where is the cavernos sinus ?
lateral to the body of the sphenoid
51
What does the falx cerebelli separate?
the two lobes of the cerebellum
52
What is the foramen of magendie?
a midline communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space
53
What is the foramen of luschka ?
a lateral communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space
54
What are cisterns full of?
CSF
55
What features does the blood-brain barrier have that protect the brain from toxic substances?
endothelial cells are bound by tight junctions ]
basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations
Pericytes regulate capillary blood flow
Astrocytes extend processes called end feet that envelope the CNS capillaries
56
Where do the arteries and veins on the surface of the brain lie?
the subarachnoid space
57
What are the anatomical elements of the blood-brain barrier?
1. endothelial cells of capillaries
2. The basement membrane
3. astrocytic end feet
58
Blood arrives in the skull through which two pairs of vessels?
internal carotid arteries
| vertebral arteries
59
Which part of the cerebrum is supplied by the vertebral arteries?
the psoterior cerebrum
60
Which parts of the cerebrum are supplied by the internal carotid arteries?
the anterior cerebrum
| the middle cerebrum
61
What are the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery?
the middle cerebral artery
| the anterior cerebral artery
62
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
the corpus callosum
| the medial aspects of the hemispheres
63
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
the majority of the lateral surface of the hemisphere
64
Which artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries?
the anterior communicating artery
65
Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?
the subclavian arteries
66
The vertebral arteries unite to form which artery?
the basilar artery
67
Where does the basilar artery sit on the pons?
In the anterior median fissure
68
What connects the major cerebral veins to the internal jugular veins?
sinuses
69
Why is the cavernous sinus of significance?
contains 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery
70
Where is the largest aggregation of choroid plexus?
the lateral ventricles
71
Describe the passage of CSF through the ventricles
The majority of CSF is produced in the lateral ventricles
Passes via the interventricular foramen into the third ventricle
Passes through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle
Passes into the subarchnoid space via the median foramen of magendie and the lateral foramen of luschka
72
Describe the reabsorption of CSF into the venous drainage of the brain
Arachnoid villi calcify to form arachnoid granulations
73
Which lobe does the anterior cranial fossa contain?
the frontal lobe
74
The hypoglossal canal is found in which cranial fossa?
posterior
75
The optic canal is found in which cranial fossa?
middle
76
```
In which cranial fossa will you find....
the foramen rotundum
the foramen ovale
the foramen lacerum
the foramen spinosum
```
the middle cranial fossa
77
In which cranial fossa will you find the internal aciustic meatus ?
posterior
78
which nerve travels though the hypoglossal canal?
the hypoglossal nerve
79
Which nerve travels through the foramen ovale?
the mandibular division of the trigeminal
80
Which nerve travels through the foramen rotundum?
the maxillary division of the trigeminal
81
Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
the glossopharyngeal
the vagus
the accessory
82
What is the chorda tympani nerve a branch of?
the facial nerve
83
What is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of?
the facial nerve
84
In which bone is the foramen magnum located?
the occipital bone
85
In which bone is the carotid foramen located?
the temporal bone
86
In which bone is the optic canal located?
the sphenoid bone
87
Which bone does the internal acoustic meatus lie in?
the temporal bone
88
In which bone will you find the superior orbital fissure?
the sphenoid bone
89
Which cerebral artery supplies the visual cortex?
posterior cerebral artery
90
What three parts comprise the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla
91
Where do the middle cerebellar peduncles go from and to?
go from the pons to the cerebellum
92
Where is the decussation of the pyramids?
the medulla
93
Where do you find the pyramids and olives?
the medulla
94
Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle go from and to?
goes from the medulla to the cerebellum
95
The superior colliculi are part of which system?
the visual system
96
the inferior colliculi are part of which system?
the auditory system
97
List the cranial nerves
```
I-olfactory
II-optic
III-oculomotor
IV-trochlear
V-trigeminal
VI-adbucens
VII-facial
VIII-vestibulocochlear
IX- glossopharyngeal
X-vagus
XI-accessory
XII- hypoglossal
```
98
What is the mneumonic to remember is the cranial nerves are sensory, motor or both?
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most
99
which gland synthesises melatonin?
the pineal gland
100
Which pathway conveys auditory information from the medial geniculate body to the inferior colliculi?
Inferior brachium
101
On the dorsal aspect of the medulla, what sulcus marks the midline and what swellings lie either side od this?
posterior median sulcus
| gracile tubercles
102
What are the swellings called that lie lateral to the gracile tubercles in the posterior aspect of the medulla?
cuneate tubercles
103
What is caused by unilateral inflammation of the facial nerve?
Bell's Palsy
104
Bulbar palsy is impairment of the cranial nerves that arise from the medulla. Which nerves arise from the medulla?
IX -glossopharyngeal
X -vagus
XI -accessory
XII -hypoglossal
105
What can you find between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
the vermis
106
What are the ridges called in the surface of the cerebellum?
folia
107
What runs through the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles?
the cerebral aqueduct
108
Where in the brain would you find the red nucleus?
the midbrain
109
What structures would you find on the inferior surface of the cerebellum?
tonsil
flocculus
nodule
flocculo-nodular lobe
110
What is the largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei?
the dentate nucleus
111
Which gyrus is the site of the primary motor cortex?
the precentral gyrus
112
Which gyrus is the site if the primary somatosensory cortex?
the postcentral gyrus
113
The arterial supply to the basal ganglia comes mainly from which artery?
the middle cerebral artery
114
What does the basal ganglia help prevent?
excessive and exaggerated movements
115
What separates the cerebellum from the pons?
the IVth ventricle
116
What type of matter forms the cerebellar cortex?
grey matter
117
What type of matter will you find deep to the cerebellar cortex?
white matter
118
What divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?
the primary fissure
119
What three paired arteries supply the cerebellum?
the superior cerebellar artery
the anterior inferior cerebellar artery
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
120
Which cerebellar arteries are branches of the basilar artery?
the superior cerebellar artery
| the anterior inferior cerebellar artery
121
Which cerebellar artery is a branch of the vertebral artery?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
122
What are the flocculus and the nodule referred to together?
the flocculo-nodular lobe
123
How much CSF is produced a day?
500ml
124
what is the diamond shaped floor of the IVth ventricle called?
the rhomboid fossa
125
What divides the rhomboid fossa into left and right halves?
the median sulcus
126
What is the posterior part of the corpus callosum called?
the splenium
127
What lies in the walls of the calcarine sulcus?
the primary visual cortex
128
What are the parts of the corpus callosum?
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium
129
What is the fornix?
a bundle of white matter beneath the body of the corpus callosum. Connects the hippocampus with the diencephalon and the precomissural septum
130
What is the commissure of the fornix?
fibres from one hippocampus cross to the opposite fornix and so back to the opposite hippocampus
131
What is the anterior comissure?
Thick bundle of white matter crossing the midline horizontally
132
What are the three main types of fibres
association fibres
comissural fibres
projection fibres
133
What are association fibres?
link cortical regions within one cerebral hemisphere
134
What are comissural fibres?
link similar functional areas of the two hemispheres
135
What type of fibres would you find in the corpus callosum?
comissural fibres
136
what are projection fibres ?
link the cortex with subcortical structures such as the thalamus and spinal cord via the internal capsule and corona radiata
