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Neuro > Eye and ear, including pathways > Flashcards

Eye and ear, including pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eye socket called?

A

the orbit

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2
Q

What are the main holes of the orbit?

A

optic canal
superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

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3
Q

Which nerve travels through the optic canal?

A

the optic nerve

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A 
lateral rectus 
medial rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus 
superior oblique
inferior oblique 
levator palpebrae superioris
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6
Q

Which muscle lifts the upper eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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7
Q

What is the function of lateral rectus?

A

pulls the eye laterally (abduction)

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8
Q

What is the function of medial rectus?

A

pulls the eye medially (adduction)

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9
Q

What is the function of superior rectus?

A

pulls the eye up and medially rotates it (intorsion)

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10
Q

What name is given to the action of medially rotating the eye?

A

intorsion

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11
Q

What name is given to the action of laterally rotating the eye?

A

extorsion

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12
Q

What is the function of inferior rectus?

A

pulls the eye down and laterally rotates it (extorsion)

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13
Q

What is the function of superior oblique?

A

intorsion

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14
Q

What is the function of inferior oblique?

A

extrosion

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15
Q

When examining eye movements, which muscles do we test first?

A

lateral and medial rectus as these have isolated movements

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16
Q

After testing lateral and medial rectus, which muscles are tested next?

A

superior and inferior rectus

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17
Q

Which nerves supply the extraocular muscles

A

superior oblique- trochlear
lateral rectus- abducens
all others- oculomotor

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18
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

fibrous layer

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19
Q

What comprises the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

the sclera

the cornea

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20
Q

Which part of the eyeball do the extraocular muscles attatch to?

A

the sclera

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21
Q

Which layer of the eye lies beneath the fibrous layer?

A

the vascular layer

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22
Q

What does the vascular layer of the eye consist of?

A

choroid
ciliary body
Iris

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23
Q

What is the function of choroid?

A

provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina

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24
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye formed by?

A

the retina

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25
Q

What are the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye filled with?

A

aqueous humour

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26
Q

Is the optic nerve sensory, motor or both?

A

sensory

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27
Q

Light coming from the right falls onto which part of the retina?

A

the left side of the retina

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28
Q

Which part of the retina does light from below fall onto?

A

the upper part of the retina

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29
Q

Which part of the retina do the nerves that cross over to the other side of the brain arise from?

A

the nasal side of retina

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30
Q

Which part of the retina do the nerves that stay on the same side of the brain arise from?

A

temporal side of the retina

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31
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

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32
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.

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33
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate body?

A

the thalamus

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34
Q

Where in the brain do the fibres of the optic tracts synapse ?

A

lateral geniculate body

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35
Q

which gland sits immediately under the optic chiasm?

A

the pituitary gland

36
Q

What is the medical word for vision?

A

opia

37
Q

What is the medical word for no vision?

A

anopia

38
Q

What is the medical word to describe when you can’t see half vision?

A

hemianopia

39
Q

What is the medical word fro when you can’t see half vision and it’s in the same half for each eye?

A

homonymous hemianopia

40
Q

Where does the upper optic radiation carry fibres from?

A

Fibres from the superior retinal quadrants

41
Q

Which lobe does the upper optic radiation travel through?

A

the parietal lobe

42
Q

Which lobe does the lower optic radiation travel through?

A

temporal lobe (pathway known as meyer’s loop)

43
Q

Which optic radiation contains fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants?

A

lower optic radiation

44
Q

Which optic tract contains fibres from the left temporal retina and the right nasal retina?

A

left optic tract

45
Q

Which half of the retina has fibres that stay on the same side?

A

temporal half of retina

46
Q

In the pupillary reflex, where do fibres synapse instead of the lateral geniculate body? From here, which nucleus do fibres then go to?

A

pretectal nucleus

Edinger-westphal nucleus

47
Q

What is the fourth cranial nerve?

A

trochlear

48
Q

What is the sixth cranial nerve?

A

abducens

49
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

the pinna
the ear canal
the tympanic membrane

50
Q

What is the first third of the ear canal made of?

A

cartilage

51
Q

What is the last two thirds of the ear canal made of?

A

bone

52
Q

What is the top part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

the pars flaccida

53
Q

What is the bottom part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

the pars tensa

54
Q

What are the bones of the middle ear?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

55
Q

What are the muscles of the inner ear?

A

tensor tympani

stapedius

56
Q

Which canal connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

eustation tube

57
Q

Which of the middle ear bones is attached to the eardrum?

A

malleus

58
Q

Which bone of the middle ear presses up against the oval window?

A

stapes

59
Q

Which bone does stapedius attach to?

A

stapes

60
Q

Which bone does tensor tympani attach to?

A

malleus

61
Q

What is the role of the middle ear?

A

amplification
tympanic membrane has a large surface area
stapes footplate has small surface area

62
Q

What is the function of stapedius and tensor tympani?

A

stiffen the ossicular chain

prevent damage to the middle ear

63
Q

How is stapedius stimulated?

A

acoustically

64
Q

How is tensor tympani stimulated?

A

both voluntarily and involuntarily

65
Q

What is the primary role of the eustachion tube?

A

ventilation- keeps pressures on both sides of the eardrum equal

66
Q

What is the inner ear comprised of?

A

the vestibulocochlear apparatus

67
Q

What are the two openings of the cochlea?

A

round window

oval window

68
Q

What are the three compartments of the cochlea?

A

scala tympani, scala media , scala vestibuli

69
Q

What are the two ionic fluids in the cochlea?

A

Endolymph

Perilymph

70
Q

Where in the cochlea will you find endolympth?

A

in the scala media

71
Q

Where in the cochlea will you find perilymph?

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

72
Q

Which cochlea fluid is rich in K+?

A

Endolymph

73
Q

Which cochlea fluid is rich in Na+

A

Perilymph

74
Q

Where in the cochlea will you find the oval window?

A

scala vestibuli

75
Q

Where in the cochlea will you find the round window?

A

scala tympani

76
Q

Where is the basilar membrane the most narrow?

A

at the base by the oval window

77
Q

Where are high frequencies detected along the basilar membrane?

A

the base- this is where the basilar membrane is narrow and stiff

78
Q

What is the function of inner hair cells?

A

mechanical transduction

79
Q

what is the function of outer hair cells?

A

fine tuning, increasing resolution

80
Q

Which type of hair cells has the ability to stiffen the basilar membrane so that only the part of the basilar membrane meant to detect that specific frequency will vibrate ?

A

Outer hair cells

81
Q

the movement of what causes an influx of K+ rich endolymph into inner hair cells and depolarisation as mechanically gated calcium channels open

A

stereocilia

82
Q

How is the frequency (pitch) of sound encoded?

A

encoded in nerve by location along the basilar membrane

83
Q

How is the intensity (loudness) of sound encoded?

A

encoded in nerves by numbers responding and firing rate

84
Q

Describe the central auditory pathway

A 
ECOLI
Eight nerve 
Cochlear nucleus 
superior Olivary complex
Lateral lemniscus 
Inferior colliculus

Inferior colliculus > medial geniculate body > auditory cortex

85
Q

Which lobe is the auditory cortex in ?

A

the temporal lobe

86
Q

What are the two types of hearing loss? Where is the defect in each type?

A

Conductive hearing loss- outer/middle ear defect

Sensorineural hearing loss- Inner ear defect

Neuro (7 decks)

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