General Monitoring

Question 1

What are the 4 stages in anaesthesia?

Answer 1

• Stage 1: Voluntary excitement
• Stage 2: Involuntary excitement
• Stage 3: Surgical anaesthesia
• Stage 4: Overdose

Question 2

What happens in stage 1?

Answer 2

• Induction
• Apprehension, feat and disorientation
• Increased HR and RR
• Dilated pupils
• Paddling

Question 3

What happens in stage 2?

Answer 3

• Onset of unconsciousness
• Irregular breathing
• Reflexes present
• Ventromedial rotation of eyes
• Suitable for intubation

Question 4

What happens in stage 3 plane 1?

Answer 4

• Regular, deep respiration
• Mild CVS depression
• Ventromedial rotation of eyes
• Suitable for lancing abscesses, stitch ups and skin lumps

Question 5

How many planes are there in stage 3?

Answer 5

• 3

Question 6

What happens in stage 3 plane 2?

Answer 6

• Decreased tidal volme
• RR will increase or decrease
• Moderate CVS depression causing HR and BP to decrease
• Suitable for most surgeries

Question 7

What happens in stage 3 plane 3?

Answer 7

• Moderate CVS depression, which decreases HR and BP
• Central position of eyes
• Used for thoracotomies

Question 8

What happens in stage 4?

Answer 8

• Progressive respiratory failure
• CVS failure

Question 9

What do normal MM look like?

Answer 9

• Pink and moist

Question 10

What do hypercapnia of toxaemia MMs look like?

Answer 10

• Bright red

Question 11

What do poor peripheral perfusion MMs look like?

Answer 11

• Pale, grey and/or dry

Question 12

What do anaemia and hypovolaemia MMs look like?

Answer 12

• White

Question 13

What are the 4 ways heat can be lost in a patient?

Answer 13

• Radiation
• Convention
• Conduction
• Evaporation

Question 14

What is radiation heat loss?

Answer 14

• Transfer of heat from one surface to another via photons

Question 15

What is convention heat loss?

Answer 15

• Movement of air reduces the build up of heat near the skin surface by displacing warmed air with cooler air

Question 16

What is conduction heat loss?

Answer 16

• Direct transfer of heat from one surface to an adjacent surface

Question 17

What is evaporation heat loss?

Answer 17

• When moisture dissipates in the air, pulling heat with it

Question 18

What are the 4 causes of hypothermia?

Answer 18

• Pharmacological drugs
• Exhaustion
• Traumatic
• Septic

Question 19

How can hypothermia be treated or prevented?

Answer 19

• Passive heating e.g., blankets
• Active heating e.g., infrared lamps
• Active central heating e.g., warmed intravenous fluids

Question 20

What can hyperthermia be treated or prevented?

Answer 20

• Oxygen therapy
• Active cooling methods: wet towels, fans, water enemas
• Antipyrectics: NSAIDS
• ACP
• IVFT