General Mix Flashcards
A device used to collect solar radiation
collector
PPM
parts per million
Fire assembly
A complete fire-resistive assembly consisting of a fire door, fire damper or fire window and its mounting frame and hardware.
The rate at which a specific thickness of a given material conducts heat.
conductance (c)
chill factor
a fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity which has the same physiological effect as still air at the chill factor temperature.
The tendency of a gas or air to rise in a vertical shaft because its density is lower than that of the surrounding gas or air.
stack effect
oakum
calking made from hemp fiber strand or rope soaked in oil or other substance to make it waterproof and rot-resistant.
effective temperature
A fictitious temperature which would produce the same physiological effect as the combined effects of temperature humidity of air movement.
Energy received from solar radiation.
insolation
A gaseous fire-extinguishing medium which smother fire often used in automatic systems in computer rooms.
Halon
Materials used to store and release heat by means of their latent heat capacity that is they alternately melt and solidly in the normal solar operating temperature range of 80-160º
Eutectic Salts
Ratio of reflected to incident light falling on a surface
reflectance
The number of hours needed for 1 Btu to pass through 1 sq.ft of a material when the temp. differential is 1ºF
Resistance
Enthalpy
Total in a substance, including latent heat and sensible heat.
POC
Abbreviation of products of combustion usually relative to smoke detection.
blowdown
The drain which removes dirt which builds up in the floor pool of an evaporative cooling tower or the discharge of sediment from the bottom of a boiler or heat exchange.
The time rate of heat flow which combines the effects of conduction, convection and radiation.
heat transmission
The total of sensible plus latent heat stored in the air.
enthalpy
ABS
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: a plastic used for drainage waste and vent piping and sewer systems
A single-number system for specifying a maximum SPL level in a given location using standardized reference contours.
NC curves
The waste from urinals, water closets and fixtures of similar function.
soil
A cooling system that provides refrigerated air using solar radiation as the prime source of energy.
solar AC
Any device used for transferring heat from one fluid to another where fluids are physically separated.
heat exchanger
The pressure measured by a pilot tube consisting of static pressure and velocity pressure.
total pressure
A fire detector which deflects the products of combustion (POC) even before they are visible to the naked eye.
ionization detector
A valve consisting of a circular plug or disc which is raised or lowered against a circular opening or seat used for adjusting or throttling flow.
globe valve
Two or more cells which utilize the reaction of a chemical solution on two dissimilar metal to produce an electromotive force.
battery
The weight of water vapor per unit volume of air.
absolute humidity
A faucet having a nozzle that is bent downward.
bibb
The transfer of heat by direct contact from hotter molecules to cooler molecules.
conduction
The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe so as to form a joint.
bell
Helmholtz resonator
A sound-absorbing device consisting of an enclosed body of air confined within rigid walls and connected by a narrow opening to the space around it.
The portion of a building’s electrical system extending from the utility company’s wires to and including the main switch and meter.
service
Any connection by means of which non potable used or contaminated water or other liquid can enter any part of a potable water system
cross connection
A common sewer that receives wastewater only from building sewers.
lateral
A sound-absorbing device consisting of an enclosed body of air confined within rigid walls and connected by a narrow opening to the space around it.
cavity resonator
The portion of soil or waste stack which is above the highest branch drain connected to the stack. Its sole function is to vent to the outside air.
stack vent
The tendency of gas or air to rise in a vertical shaft because its density is lower than that of the surrounding gas or air.
chimney effect
An unobstructed vertical path open to the atmosphere separating the outlet of a faucet from the overflow rim of the fixture it serves. The purpose is to prevent a momentary vacuum in the supply pipe from siphoning water from the fixture back into the supply pipe.
air gap
The thumping or rattling sound that occurs when a faucet is shut off rapidly
water hammer
A system of combining active and passive solar features
hybrid solar system
In sanitary drainage any vent which serves two or more traps.
circuit vent
The heat transfer process which occurs when a warm fluid rises displacing cold fluid which then falls.
convection
The heat given off by a vapor condensing to liquid or the heat absorbed by a liquid evaporating to a gas without a change in temperature.
heat of vaporization
A room whose boundaries absorb all of the sound striking them. Also known as a free-field room.
anechoic room
A one-number rating system giving average sound absorption coefficient of a material at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz
noise reduction coefficient (NRC)
The property of permitting passage of water or water vapor through a material without causing rupture or displacement.
permeability
The ratio of sensible heat to enthalpy
sensible heat ratio (SHR)
The phenomenon which occurs when sounds in a room that are within a narrow band of frequencies tend to sound louder than sounds of other frequencies.
room resonance
A valve consisting of a sliding plate or gate perpendicular to the flow intended to be fully open or closed.
gate valve
An automatic valve which admits air into a supply pipe to prevent siphoning polluted ware back into the supply.
vacuum breaker
pilot tube
An instrument used with a manometer or pressure gauge to measure the velocity of air or water in a duct or pipe
A passive solar system that utilizes a direct gain feature such as a greenhouse or atrium usually with a thermal storage well
sunspace system
A vent which connects from a drain to the stack vent of the soil stack to which the drain is connected.
loop vent
A device which converts alternating current to direct current and is used to recharge batteries or supply direct current for other purposes
rectifier
Another name for a downspout
leader
The area of a wire having a diameter of one mil (.001) of an inch used in specifying wire size
circular mil
The ratio of the solar heat gained through a window with shading devices such as blinds to the solar heat gained by a single pane clear glass window
shading coefficient (SC)
A vent which is a continuation of the trap and drain to which it connects.
common vent
Rating for the evaluation of a particular construction cross-section in terms of its transmission of airborne sound.
STC - sound transmission class
The unit of visible light emitted by a light source defined as the amount of light passing through 1 sq.ft. from 1’ away from 1 candlepower source
lumen
The perceived intensity of sound which depends mainly on the sound pressure but also on the frequency and waveform of the sound source
loudness
The rate at which a given material conducts heat/ in of thickness
conductivity (k)
A piece of wax or para fin which melts at a predetermined temperature setting off a sprinkler head and alarm system
fusible link
The total lifetime cost of an item or system which includes its initial, operating, maintenance and repair costs less any salvage value.
life-cycle cost
A complete light fixture including lamps
luminaie
A balanced air valve positioned so as to admit air to the flue or stack of a furnace in order to maintain a constant amount of draft.
draft regulator
The use of air, especially under pressure usually to operate machinery.
pneumatic
NEC
National Electric Code
The adding of sensible heat to a supply air stream which has been previously cool.
reheat
A cooling process resulting from the absorption of vapor by a brine solution which is then heated to remove the moisture.
absorption refrigeration
Activated carbon
A form of specially treated porous carbon used to absorb various odors and vapors.
The process of removing calcium and magnesium ions from the zeolite resin in a water softener and replacing them with sodium ions by passing brine through the resin.
regeneration
A passive solar system the utilizes a pond of water on the roof to maintain even year-round temperatures.
solar pond system
The unit of luminous intensity which is the amount of light emitted by a source.
candlepower
An air-conditioning system in which a fan blows conditioned air over hot and/or cold coils into an occupied space
fan coil system
NPS
nominal pipe size - refers to the nominal inside pipe diameter
A device which starts the arc in a neon or fluorescent lamp or a contractor and overload relay used in starting some electric motors.
starter
A damper provided with a fusible link and operated by gravity or springs which closes off an air duct in the event of fire preventing fire and smoke from spreading through the duct.
fire damper
A valve that allows the flow of a fluid in only one direction.
check valve
The basic unit of illumination arriving at a work plane.
footcandle
A valve which releases a specific amount of water into a plumbing fixture each time it is actuated.
flushometer valve
The converting of sound energy into another form usually heat in passing through a medium or on striking a surface.
sound absorption
GFCI
ground fault circuit interrupter
The property of an electrical circuit by which a change in current induces an electromotive force.
inductance
The measurement of light distribution illumination and the intensity of light usually with the aid of a photometer.
photometry
A logarithmic measure of sound intensity expressing the ratio between a given sound being measured and a reference level.
dB
The heat added to or removed from a substance when it changes its state without changing its temperature as when water freezes or vaporizes.
latent heat
Sone
The unit of how loud a sound is perceived. Doubling the sone doubles the loudness.
The ratio of the volume of air supplied to or exhausted from a space/hr to the volume of the space.
air changes per hour
A device which changes the voltage of an AC circuit to a higher or lower level.
transformer
The flow of heat by electromagnetic waves bt two objects not in contact
radiation
Mass law
The theoretical law which states that for each doubling mass in a wall there is a 6-dB drop in the amount of sound transmitted.
A form of alternating current produced by a generator having three rotating coils positioned 120º apart
3-phase
A measure of the ability of two or more closely spaced plates to store electricity.
capacitance
A measure of the resistance of a specific thickness of a given material to the passage of heat.
Resistance
An electrical current the flows in only one direction.
direct current (DC)
A structure used to evaporatively cool a liquid by contact with air.
cooling tower
A damper provided in a duct system to regulate the flow of air when the system is being balanced or tuned to design requirements.
balancing damper
The ratio of the longer to the shorter dimension of an air-conditioning duct which affects duct friction
aspect ratio
A u-shaped tube partially filled with a liquid used for measuring the pressure of a fluid.
manometer
The ability of a water heater to heat a specified number of gallons per hr of water to a specified temperature.
recovery
A unit of liquid flow used in sizing both supply and drainage pipes.
fixture unit
A plumbing arrangement on steam boiler to avoid rapid loss of water in the boiler due to a break in the condensate return line.
underwriter’s loop
An electrical device used with fluorescent and other lamps to provide starting voltage and regulate current flow through the lamp.
balast
The overall rate of heat flow of a particular wall section expressed in Btus/hr/ºF/sq.ft
U-factor
Draws vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it and discharges it to a condenser.
Condensor
The wire or conductor in an electrical system which is equidistant in voltage from the phase conductors of the system.
neutral
A thermometer which measures the mean radiant temperature (MRT)
globe thermometer
A device for trapping grease, sand, etc., installed in the drains of certain types of fixtures.
inceptor
A spring-operated check valve in a piping system in which pressure against a moveable ball allows fluid to flow in one direction.
ball-check valve
The heat given off by a liquid in changing to a solid.
heat of fusion
Therm
100,000 Btus
Used in calculating loss of pressure due to friction of a fluid flowing through a duct or pipe.
friction factor
Transmission loss (TL)
The reduction of sound which occurs when a given wall transmits sound from one room to an adjacent room.
Fusible sprinkler head
A sprinkler head normally closed by a plug of low melting point allow.
The amount of head required to raise the temperature of one lb of a given substance 1ºF
specific heat
A valve in a refrigeration system which controls the flow and reduces the pressure of the refrigerant allowing it to evaporate and absorb heat.
expansion valve
A device inserted in an air stream to modulate, restrict, or divert the flow of air
damper
The frequency of a sound
Hertz
The resistance to current flow in an AC circuit
impedance
The unit of sound absorption equivalent to the absorption of 1 sq.ft of an open window
sabin
A thermostat that responds to temperatures at two different location.
differential thermostat
The ratio of real power in watts to the product of voltage and current.
power factor (PF)
An electrical current which reverses its direction at regular intervals.
AC
A valve that opens when pressure is applied and closes when pressure is released.
reversible-acting valve
A vent connecting one or more individual vents to a stack vent.
branch vent
The method of using a heated surface and the resulting convection to move a fluid out of a space.
thermosiphon
A water supply system that uses the available water main pressure to supply water to fixtures on several floors.
upfeed system
A water supply system in which water is pumped intermittently to a tank above the roof of a building. Water from the tank then supplies fixtures on the floors below it.
downfeed system
The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe to form a joint.
bell or hub
AC system which accommodates thermal load changes by varying the flow of supply air into a conditioned space instead of varying the temperature of the supply air.
variable air volume (VAV)
plenum
the space bt a suspended ceiling and the structure above which is used as a very large moving air duct.
dual duct system
hot and cold air are supplied by separate ducts and mixed at each controlled space to provide the desired temp. consumes a great deal of energy
A device installed in a water line to minimize the effects of water hammer caused by quick closing valves
surge arrester
heat which changes the temperature of a substance without a change of state
sensible heat
The automatic drain valve at the base of a dry standpipe
ball drip
photoelectric detector
A smoke detector that uses a light source and a photoelectric cell to detect the presence of smoke.
Elevator collects calls and answers the up calls on the up trip, then answers the down calls
selective collective operation
Elevator answers all calls without differentiating bt up and down calls - wait time can be very lone.
collective controll
ADAAG: Accessible Lavatories : rim of lavatory
34” max
ADAAG: Accessible Lavatories : apron clearance
29” max
ADAAG: Accessible Lavatories : sink depth
6 1/2” max
ADAAG: Accessible Lavatories : clear area for forward approach
30” x 48”
Assembly suspended from the ceiling to prohibit movement of smoke.
curtain board / draft curtain
Wet-type transformers are used for ___ voltage applications and (in/out) doors.
medium-high voltage - outdoors
Sound intensity levels decrease __ dB for every ___ (distance).
6 - doubling
Bentonite
expansive clay that can push foundations upward
Holding pond or catch basin that prevents excessive stormwater runoff from overloading the storm sewer system by temporarily holding the water and releasing it at a controlled rate.
retention pond
Retains stormwater until it can seep into the ground.
Infiltration basin
Minimum corridor width = ____ : ___ (residential <50)
44:36:00
Uses a continuous flow of temperate water to extract heat from areas that need to be cooled and add heat to other areas
water-loop heat pump
Infiltration and Exfiltration rates can be influenced by:
wind pressure, stack pressure, HVAC fan pressure
Type of elevator used for high-speed/ high rise buildings
gearless traction
Type of elevator used for high capacity at a low speed
geared traction
Type of elevator typically used for building 2-50 stories
hydraulic
Photoelectric cells
Type of perimeter security system that passes a beam from one point to another.
Minimum standard U.S. Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) = ___ for all residential air conditioning.
13
Transformer specifications include:
-type-phase-voltage-KVA (kilovolt-ampere) rating-sound level-insulation class
Sprinkler systems installed in new buildings add about ___ of the total construction cost.
1-1.5%
SW brick type
severe weathering
NW brick type
normal weathering
MW brick type
moderate weathering
Reglets
Horizontal grooves cast into concrete that allow a piece of flashing to be slipped inside and then carried across the airspace and through the brick for proper drainage and moisture control
When salts leach out of a masonry assembly, producing a white powdery substance that stains the face of the brick.
Efflorescence
Tuck pointing
Process used to repair failing mortar joints by removing deteriorated mortar to a certain depth and inserting new compatible mortar.
Movement connections require a ___ connection bt 2 pieces of steel. A __ joint is the best choice.
continuous, welded
Oil canning
When a metal siding panel has a wavy appearance. To avoid - panels should always be transported vertically.
Required in masonry walls to prevent the masonry from being pushed up and out if the wood member should collapse during a fire.
Fire-cut joist
Flitch beam
Combines wood and steel into one member with load-carrying capacity.
Achieves the straightest, most uniform grain appearance- Usually reserved for oak.
Rift sawing
Annealed glass is also known as
ordinary glass
Urethane
high-performance coating with a superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water and fuels.
Produces the characteristic “cathedral” pattern in the wood grain.
Plain slicing
Produces the most varied wood grain pattern.
Rotary slicing
Safing insulation
material used as a fire barrier around the perimeter of a floor or around protrusions or penetrations. In ductwork, this barrier ensures that air flows through the component and not around it.
1 ton =
12,000 BTU
The transfer of heat via the movement of fluids.
convection
ADAAG: telephone: operable parts can must be between __- __ AFF
15-54”
Cold climate wall assembly:
plaster : plywood : batt insulation : vapor barrier : water pipe : dry wall (PPIVWD)
Overflow drains are intended to
drain rainwater from the roof if the roof drains become clogged.
Floor drains collect ___ water; sewers collect __ water.
graywater, blackwater
A vent pipe extension above a roof = __ or __ if the space is accessible to the public
6”, 7’
Residential faucets most often use __ valves
globe
ADAAG: receptical: must be at least __ aff
15”
In which two brick courses are the longest dimension of the bricks placed vertically?
The two brick courses with this characteristic are sailor and soldier.
Name five benefits of a green roof.
This type of roof:1) Conserves energy2) reduces storm runoff3) absorbs carbon dioxide4) filters air5) protects the roofing membrane from environmental effects shin as ultraviolet radiation.
What are three types of flat roofing systems?
Three types of flat roofing systems are:1) single ply membrane (EPDM, TPO, or PVC system)2) built up3) modified bitumen
What is the term for beams used in underpinning?
The beams used for this are called needle beams.
In what type of environment is epoxy-coated reinforced steel used?
This type of reinforcement is used in a corrosive environment.
What type of joints are required in every concrete walk more than 30’ long?
In this kind of construction, control joints at 5ft on center and expansion joints at 20’ on center are required.
Name three types of security intrusion detection creates.
Three types of security created by this are:1) object protection2) room protection3) area and perimeter protection
What environmental concerns are associated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing systems?
These roofing systems are associated with environmental concerns because the material used contains plasticizers and because dioxins are released when the material is manufactured or incinerated.
What are three common reasons to use concrete sealer?
Three Common reasons to use this kind of coating are to:1) protect against the penetration of water.2) increase resistance to chemicals3) prevent dusting of the surface
A light shelf on a south-facing, large, high window is used to moderate which two aspects of the direct sun?
This external design element is often used on the windows to help reduce heat gain and visual glare.
Name five strategies used in a hot-arid climate.
Five design strategies used in this climate are:1) using compact forms2) minimizing openings3) shading openings4) maximizing thermal mass5) using light colors at exterior surfaces
What is a major design consideration when photovoltaic panels are to be included in a project?
When these panels are to be used, the architect must provide a large surface area for them to mount on.
What is galvanic action?
This is the corrosive process that takes place when two dissimilar metals come into contact.
For what kind of occupancy is panic hardware required?
This type of hardware is required on exit doors for assembly occupancies such as restaurants and theaters.
Name two drawbacks to steel as a building material.
Two drawbacks to this common structural material are it vulnerability to the heat of a fire and its tendency to corrode.
What two tests are used to measure flammability of carpet?
Two ways of measuring this are the pill test and the flooring radiant panel test.
What feature must be installed in every electrical outlet in addition to the hot and neutral wires?
Each of these must have a ground wire.
What amount of water pressure is equivalent to one foot of vertical head?
One foot of this is equivalent to 0.434 psi.
For most occupancies, what are the minimum tread width and maximum riser height allowed by the international building code?
For most occupancies, the international building code sets the minimum for the first for these stair elements as 11in., and the maximum for the second as 7in.
Name two styles of wall framing using wood construction.
Two styles of this are:1) platform2) balloon
What are two common reasons for the use of double layers of gypsum board in wall construction?
Two common reasons to use double layers of this material are to:1) increase fire resistance2)enhance acoustic performance
What construction elements are required at the bottom of a brick cavity wall?
A through wall flashing and weep holes are required at the bottom of this kind of wall.
How far should a ramp’s handrails extend beyond the ramp at its top and bottom landings?
Handrails should extend 12 inches beyond these access elements.
What metal must be used for hinges on a fire-rated door?
Hinges on doors of this type must be made of steel.
What are the door hardware requirements for a fire-rated door assembly?
This kind of assembly requires:1) a labeled door and frame2) a door closer3) a door latch4) ball bearing hingesAll hardware must be UL listed.
What is a cavity wall?
This is a wall that consists of two wythes of masonry separated by an airspace.
Name three design strategies for resisting lateral wind forces in a wood frame building.
Three strategies used for this purpose in the design of a wood frame building are:1) correct building shape2) use of a roof diaphragm3) use of sheer walls
What is the minimum slope required to drain a surface paved with concrete?
A minimum slope of 1% is required on a concrete surface for this reason.
For what type of building is lift-slab construction used?
This kind of construction is used in multistory buildings with entire floor sections cast on the ground.
What two characteristics of steel are increased by cold rolling?
This increases the steels strength an elastic limit.
What is a passive solar energy system?
This is a system that collects, stores, and distributes energy without the use of mechanical equipment.
How is an open web steel joist built?
This kind of member is built in the shop by welding together a continuous steel rod or steel angles, forming the web and steel angles, and forming the chord.
What range of pressure is used in municipal water systems?
In municipal systems, this caries from 40 psi to 80 psi.
Slip-forming is commonly used in the construction of two kinds of structures. What two?
This type of concrete forming is commonly used in the construction of tunnels and the cores of high rise buildings.
Under what circumstances should a homeless hydraulic elevator be used?
This kind of elevator should be used in situations where drilling is not feasible or would be prohibitively expensive.
What are two uses for type 3 cement in ready mix applications?
This kind of cement is used for:1) projects requiring high early strength2) cold weather curing
What is the nominal diameter of no.5 rebar?
The nominal diameter of this rebar is 5/8â€
How is brick veneer supported in a multistory building?
To support this, a steel shelf angle is anchored to the structure at every story.
In the steel designation w18 x 36, what does the 18 represent?
In the steel designation w18 x 36, this number is the nominal depth of the steel beam in inches.
What type of elevator is commonly used in a high rise building?
A fearless traction elevator is commonly used in this type of building.
What two methods of tensioning are used for prestressed concrete?
Pre-tensioning and post tensioning are two methods used to construct this type of concrete.
What size increments are standard for reinforcing bars?
This construction material is available in size increments of 1/8†in diameter.
In architectural wood paneling, what is bookmatching.
This is placing of wood panels so that the adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern.
What is autoclave aerated concrete, or AAC?
This is a lightweight precast building material made by adding aluminum powder to concrete, placing the mixture in molds, and curing it in a pressurized steam chamber.
What type of pressure is a structure subjected to if it is below the water table?
A structure under these circumstances is subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
Name two properties of steel that are affected negatively if too much carbon is added.
If too much of this element is added to steel, the steel’s strength and ductility are decreased.
What are the to primary considerations when selecting allowable wood stresses?
When selecting these, the two primary considerations are size categories and wood species.
Which material has a greater construction tolerance, a steel beam or a concrete footing?
This level of variance is greater in a concrete footing than it is in a steel beam.
What is the difference between stucco and the finish material used in an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)?
The first is a natural plaster made from sand, Portland cement, lime, and water. Although it can give a very similar appearance, the second is a synthetic finish coat, typically acrylic based.
What is sick building syndrome, and what are the signs of it?
This is a condition in which ailments affecting a number of people are associated with the building they occupy, most typically being an office building or school facility. This condition ma be present when occupants experience symptoms that are not related to a particular illness and that stop soon after they leave the building.
What percentage of the wood products used in a building must come from certified forests for that building to receive LEED credit?
For a building to receive LEED credit, this must be true of at least 50% of the wood products used in its construction.
Name three common types of operable windows.
Three common types of operable windows are:1) double hung2) horizontal slider3) casementLess common types include:1) single hung2) awning3)jalousie, or louvered
What are two materials often used for a cool roof system membrane?
Membranes made from PVC or TPO can minimize heat transfer into a building, and are common choices for this type of system.
What type of insulation is used in an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)?
A wall system of this type uses expanded or extruded polystyrene.
Why are raked joints and struck joints avoided in cold climates?
These two type of brick joints do not shed water well and thus are vulnerable to frost damage.
Which metal should be used in building construction only with steps taken to mitigate its harmful effect on people and the environment?
When lead is used in building construction, steps should be taken to mitigate this.
Name eight types of unit masonry.
Eight types of this are:1)brick2)stone3)concrete block4)glass block5)clay tile6)ceramic veneer7)gypsum block8)terra cotta
How is the U-value (overall heat transfer coefficient) related to R, thermal resistance to heat transfer?
This value is the reciprocal of R, thermal resistance to heat transfer.
How is a suspended ceiling of acoustical ceiling tile (ACT) restrained from seismic loads?
This sort of ceiling is restrained by a rigid vertical strut to prevent uplift and by lateral braces using metal wires splayed in four directions and anchored to the structure above.
What are two important advantages and two important disadvantages to installing a slate roof?
Two advantages to this type of roof are its resistance to fire and its very long life expectancy. Two disadvantages are that this type of roof is expensive and very heavy.
What is terra cotta?
This building material, used for cladding, roof tiles, and ornamentation, is a clay that has been high fired.
What are the disadvantages of aluminum as a building material?
Three disadvantages of using this material in building are that it:1) is capable of high heat conduction2) has much lower strength than steel3) can exhibit high galvanic action when exposed to other metals, especially copper
What are the three primary methods to finishing metal?
The three primary methods for this are:1)chemical treatment2)mechanical polishing 3)coating(including painting)
What hardware is needed for an exterior door in a cold climate?
A door in this situation should include hinges, a lock set, a deadbolt, a threshold, and weatherstripping.
What are three common types of wood sheathing?
Three common types of this are:1)particle board2)oriented strand board (OSB)3) plywood
What are three advantages of light-gage metal framing?
This kind of framing:1)is non combustible2)is easy to assemble3)will not shrink or rot
Name two materials used to glaze skylights.
These exterior units are glazed with plastic or glass.
Name three reasons to use laminated glass.
Three reasons to use laminated glass are to:1)to control breakage2)control sound3)provide extra security
What are three methods by which single ply roofing can be attached?
Three ways this kind of roofing system can be attached are:1)adhered2)mechanically fastened3)ballasted
What type of brick is required in a sever weather climate?
SW brick is required in this kind of climate.
Why is vapor barrier used under a concrete slab on grade?q
This is used under a concrete slab on grade to prevent migration of moisture through the slab.
What is the difference between a latch set and and lock set?
The first is hardware that allows a door to be held in place. The second is a hardware that allows a door to be locked.
Wha types of glass may be used here safety and strength are concerns?
Tempered glass or laminate glass may be used when these factors are concerns.
What negative impact can result from value engineering?
Reducing costs by reducing quality can result from this activity.
At what stage of the project is the parameter method most useful to refine a project budget?
This method of project budgeting is best employed during design development and the early phases of construction documentation.
How does matrix costing work?
This project costing method uses a matrix to break down elements of a project into items that are compared for their cost effectiveness and efficiency.
When do contractors use the unit cost method?
This method is used to establish a bid or a negotiated price.
How does a life-cycle cost analysis differ from a life-cycle assessment?
The first evaluates the alternative and their costs in present time, while the second analyzes the impact of the system or product over a period of time.
To use cost information effectively, an architect should apply what index?
A regional index should be applied to the national average for this information to be useful.
Profit is a percentage of what four items?
The four items used to calculate this cost item are:1)labor2)materials3)equipment4)overhead
<p>Long span systems</p>
<p>greater than 60'</p>
<p>don't have much redundancy, bc too costly</p>
<p>must primarily resist loads in bending, via beam action</p>
<p>thermal size changes more pronounced,Âneed room for, and beware when attaching things to it</p>
<p>tolerances of greater than an inch can occur bc of long distances/depths</p>
<p>connections are more crucial bc of lack of redundancy, overconnect, even past code</p>
<p>high cost, need skilled labor, hard to transport if factory made (60' max by truck, 80' max by rail)</p>
<p>choose cheapest material closest to hand</p>
<p>trusses for shorter long spans, arches for longest long spans</p>
<p>Steel one way members</p>
<p>steel girders: rolled steel/I beams, max span length is 72', add plates and top and bottom to strengthen</p>
<p>steel plate girders: plates at top/bottom w angles in between, and stiffeners, a built up system, can get deeper, span longer than I beam, deeper means higher moment of inertia, often used as transfer beams</p>
<p>rigid/moment frames: 3 pinned arch, eg, rigid connections make it an indeterminate structure, pinned makes it a determinate structure, they do bending, compression and flexure</p>
<p>trusses: built of triangles, higher strength to wt ratio, good in both tension and compression, good for lt wt, offsite production, quick erection, easy to penetrate w MEP, efficient material use, but long fabr time makes them costly, purlins on triangle pts span btwn them</p>
<p>open web steel joists: essentially trusses from steel parts, K goes to 60', LH goes to 100', DLH goes to 144', most often parallel chord, underslung, but can have square ends, be pitched one or two ways, have camber, are flexible in configuration, are usu supported by joist girders</p>
<p>vierendeel trusses: not actually trusses, more like holes in web of I beam, the cut out shape helps resist bending</p>
<p>Wood one way members</p>
<p>glulams rarely make it past 60'</p>
<p>wood trusses or arches ok</p>
<p>Concrete one way members</p>
<p>prestressed conc. can span to above 60'</p>
<p>single or double Ts act like girders</p>
<p>AASHTO girders: for highway bridges, like bulky I beam in conc.</p>
<p>funicular or parabolic conrete arches, A-frame, gable frame, radial, 3pt centered, all have thrust which must be countered, but go waaay further than beams, 50-500'</p>
<p>Â</p>
<p>Steel two way members</p>
<p>space frames: 3D trusses, most common is the offset grid</p>
<p>steel framed domes, if lateral hoops check bending well enough, no thrust is generated, no tie to foundation needed, show little deflection, v stiff</p>
<p>Schwendler dome is trussed, geodesic dome is built up triangles, both have so many jts, are tough to waterproof</p>
<p>Â</p>
<p>RoofÂtwo way members</p>
<p>steel or steel-reinforced concrete, but may be made from wood members, too</p>
<p>thin-shell structures: barell vaults (an arch, extruded, when formed from triangles, isÂlamella roof, often wood sports area roofs), synclastic shell (looks like picnic tent), anticlastic shell (hyperbolic parabaloid, is flared at ends), very rigid and efficient, but can't get thick to be struc sound, and are labor intensive, in US we ignore efficieny benefits of them</p>
<p>membrane structures: resist loads in tension, prone to changing shape,Âare tents, if air supported, means positive pressure inside</p>
<p>folded plates,Âare stronger than non-folded planes</p>
<p>suspension: resist loads in tension, utilizes fullest stress capacity, so very efficient, spans the longest of all, there is an optimum sag, bc more sag means more length, but less sag means greater cable size</p>
<p>catenary curve: uniform load on a cable</p>
tributary area
loaded area that contributes to the load on the. member supporting that area, ex. the area from the center between two beams to the center of the next two beams for the full span is the load on the center beam. It can also be called the load periphery.
Non-combustible
adj — not capable of undergoing combustion under specified conditions. (Contrast combustible.)In fire testing, non-combustibility is often assessed by means of ASTM E 136 or ISO 1182.
Flame Resistance
ability to withstand/ provide protection from flame impingement and tested for assemblies and individual materials
enthalpy
The total heat in a substance, including latent heat and sensible heat.
Design equivalent temperature difference (DETD)
The DETD takes into account the air temperature differences, effects of the sun, thermal mass storage effects of materials, colors of finishes exposed to the sun, anddaily temperature range.
Direct Expansion Systems (DX)
simplest type; self -contained unit that passes non-ducted air over an evaporator which cools air
Fire Resistance Rating
period of time a biulding component is able to confine a fire or maintain its sturctural integrity or both
Controller
A device that measures, analyzes and initiates actions in a building control system
Net Metering
Requires that a utility pay or charge equal rates regardless of flow of electrons on a grid
Deadband
Range in BCS in which neither heating nor cooling is needed
Effective Aperature
product of visible light transmittance and window-to-wall ratio
conductivity (k)
The number of British thermal units per hour that pass through 1 ft2 of homogeneous material 1 in thick when the temperature differential is 1°F.
Shading Coefficient
(SC) is a measure of thermal performance of a glass unit (panel or window) in a building. It is the ratio of solar gain (due to direct sunlight) passing through a glass unit to the solar energy which passes through 3mm Clear Float Glass.
Low Emissivity (e)
Double glazing product that includes film w/in cavity; film prevents long0wave radiation heat-loss from inside room
live load
the weight of people or goods in a building or vehicle
dead load
the intrinsic weight of a structure or vehicle, excluding the weight of passengers or goods.
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
ratio of annual fuel output energy to input energy
Infiltration
the transfer of air into and out of a building through open doors, cracks around windows and other openings, flues and vents, and other gaps in the exterior construction. Unless a building is well sealed, infiltration can account for more heat loss than transmission through the walls and roof.
wet-bulb temperature
The temperature of the air as measured with a sling prychrometer. The wet-bulb temperature is a more critical measure of heat in high humidity because it is an indicator of physical stress caused when the human body is near the upper limits of temperature regulation by perspiration
Compressive Refrigeration
Based on the transfer of heat during liquefaction and evaporation of a refrigerant
Permeance (Perm)
measure of how readily a material or membrane allows water to pass through it; air/vapor barriers should have perm rating >5
Relative Solar Heat Gain (RSHG)
The ratio of solar heat gain through a window, corrected for external shad- ing, to the incident solar radiation. This heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation, which are conducted or convected into the space.
Daylight Factor (DF)
Ratio expressed as % of indoor illuminance at aa point on a horizontal surface to unobstructed exterior horizontal view; daylight is excluded
All-Water Systems
Uses fan coils; connected to 1/ 2 circuits; ventelation is provided through grilles @ wall2vs4 pipe systemdrawback is that no humidity control at central unit
Home Energy Rating System (HERS)
numeric 0-100 score indicating relative energy efficiency
Analemma
Figure 8 curve that represents the angular offset of the sun from its mean position as viewed from Earth
Noncombustible Material
A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, supportcombustion, or release flammable vapors, when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that are reported as passing ASTM E 136, Standard TestMethod for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C, shall be considered noncombustible materials.
Radiation Spectrum
0Hz-1023Hz
coefficient of heat transmission (U)
The overall rate of heat flow through any combination of materials, including air spaces and air layers on the interior and exterior of a building assembly. It is the reciprocal of the sum of all the resistances in the building assembly.
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
a unitless # that is a rating of efficiency of heating or cooling
mean radiant temperature (MRT)
The MRT is a weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room and the angle of exposure of the occupant to these surfaces, as well as of any sunlight present. The MRT is an important comfort factor in cold rooms or in the winter, because as the air temperature decreases, the body loses more heat through radiation than by evaporation
Fire Partition
Fire resistive component, generally req’d to have a 1-Hr rating
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
The total cooling output of a central air conditioning system or heat pump in the cooling mode, measured in Btus per hour, during its normal usage period for cooling div- ided by the total electrical input in watt-hours, as determined by specific test procedures. The higher the SEER, the more efficient the equipment performance. The minimum SEER permitted for residential air conditioning equipment in the United States is 13.
latent heat
Heat that causes a change of state of a substance, such as the heat required to change water into steam. The amount of heat required to change the state of a substance is much greater than the heat required to raise the temperature of the substance (sensible heat). The average value of latent heat per pound ofmoisture is 1061 Btu.
Daylight Autonomy (DA)
percent of an area that meets minimum daylight illumination levels - ie 300 Lux for 50% of yearly average
Fire Barrier
Fire resistant rated assembly designed to restrict flame spread
Actuator
device in a building control system that receives commands from a controller and activates a piece of equipment
Equation of Time
Factor used to account for difference b/w solar and atomic time
Fire Protection Rating
Opeining Assembly - NFPA 252, UL 10B, UL 10C, NFPA 257; n (not req’d to withstand heat transmission, unlike fire ressistance)
Resistance (R)
The number of hours needed for 1 Btu to pass through 1 ft2 of material or assembly of a given thickness when the temperature differential is 1°F. It is the reciprocal of conductance.
All-Air Systems
cools/ heats a space w/ condition air alone’ most basic is Constant -volume Single Duct (doesn’t provide for zoning)For larger, zoned bdlgs - VAVHigh Velocity Duel DuctReheat/ Constant Vol. Multizone
conductance (C)
The number of British thermal units per hour that pass through 1 ft2 of homogeneous material of a given thickness when the temperature differential is 1°F.
Exit Enclosure
Horzontal fully enclosed portion of an exit only used as a means of egress
dewpoint
The temperature at which water vapor in the air becomes saturated and begins to condense into drops of water.
Balance Point Tmep.
Out door temp at which point a building makes transition from need to be cooled to heated, or vice versa
Ton of Refrigeration
unit to describe capacity of a refrig. system; cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of 32F ice melts in 24 hrs; this can be equiv. to 12,000 BTU / HR
Series Circuit
loads are place in circuit, one after another; current (I) remains constant but voltage potential changes
Parallel Circuit
Loads are placed b/w same two points; voltage remains same but current is different across each load
Non-Metallic Sheeted Cable
Romex - inexpensive (no conduit required); typ. of wood framed construction (not to exceed 3 stories)
Flexible Metal Clad Cable
BX - doesn’t require conduit; can be pulled through existing spaces w/in building (most common type of wire)
(3) types of metal conduit
1- Rigid Steel Conduit2-Intermediate Metal Conduit3-Electric Metal Tubing (Flex)
Underfloor Ducts
proprietary steel raceways cast into concrete deck
Cellular Metal Floors
Metal decking designed for use as cable raceways
Undercarpet Cable
Thin, flat wire that can be laid under carpet w/o telegraphing or protruding (must be used w/ tile)
Alternating Current
Most common form of elec. energy in bdlgs
Load Shedding
Action to reduce load of elec. supply to avoid excessive load on plant
Peak Load Regulation
capability of a power supply to maintain constant voltage level of output despite need/ increase during peak demand
Ground Fault Circuit Interupters (GFCI/ GFI)
devices that detect small current leaks, immediately disconnects power if detected; req’d in wet zones such as near sink/ kitchen
Duplex Recptacles
Convenience outlets, located 12-18” AFF typically at 15A, however min. (2) 20A provided for kitchen spaces
Dampproofing
Control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure. Dampproofing should not be used on elements below the water table; these call for waterproofing.Dampproofing coatings are always applied on the positive side, or wet side,
hydrostatic pressure
At its simplest, hydrostatic pressure is the pressure created by standing or resting (“staticâ€) water (“hydroâ€). (While concrete is a relatively solid material when dry, it isn’t technically solid; As concrete dries, water vapor from the original concrete mixture exits the slab, creating small capillary networks until properly sealed. For a concrete slab to be impacted by hydrostatic pressure, it must be below the water table on the site or intrude into a natural water pathway.)
admixture
Various admixtures can be added to concrete to make it water repellent, such as the salts of fatty acids, mineral oil, and powdered iron. These may reduce the strength of the concrete, but they make it much less permeable to water
cementitious coatings
Mortar coatings are often used over very rough walls to pro- vide a smooth surface for the installation of other dampproofing materials,
bituminous coatings
These are asphalt or coal-tar pitch materials applied to the exterior side of the foundation wall. They can be brushed or sprayed on, can be applied either hot or cold (depending on the type), and should be applied to smooth surfaces. These coatings will not seal cracks that develop after they are applied.
membranes
Membranes are typically used for waterproofing walls subject to hydrostatic pressure because their cost and the difficulty of applying them is not usu-ally warranted for simple dampproofing.
plastics
Silicone and polyurethane coatings are available, but they are usually reserved for above-grade dampproofing.
Waterproofing
is the control of moisture and water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure. This may include protecting parts of structures that are below the water table. Waterproofing is a more difficult technical problem than dampproofing because of the effect of the water pressure and the need to createa continuous seal over walls, slabs, and joints in the structure.In addition to the waterproofing and protection board, a foundation waterproofing system may include a geotextile or drainage board to relieve hydrostatic pressure against the wall insulation, as called for bythe climate zone and local code requirements.
Negative side watetproofing
applied after the element is in place, but to the side of the element that is not exposed to water, such as the interior of a foundation wall
positive side waterproofing
placed on the side of the element exposed to water-the exterior of a foundation wall, for example-after the element is in place
Blind side waterproofing
applied before the element is in place, such as on a shored excavation against which a concrete foundation wall will be poured.
Sheet membrane
Sheet membranes may be loosely applied and attached to nailing strips, but more effective systems are adhered to the foundation on the positive side.
Fluid-applied Systems
These are applied in liquid form to provide a continuous, seamless membrane. These systems are applied on the positiveside.
vapor retarder
material used to slow the transmission or diffusion of water vapor between spaces. Vapor retarders are not themselves insulation, but they play an important role in preserving the effectiveness of other insulating materials.Vapor retarders should be placed on the warmer inside of the insulation
Vapor diffusion
movement of water molecules through vapor-permeable materials
permeance
property of a material that prevents water vapor from diffusing through it
Class I perm rating
vapor impermeable - materials rating less than or equal to 0.1
Class II perm rating
semi-impermeable - materials rating 0.1 and less than or equal to 1.0,
Class III perm rating
permeable - materials rating greater than 1 or equal to 10
barrier wall system
cladding serves as the exterior finish, protects the building from the elements and prevents condensation from entering the building. A solid, multi-wythe masonry wall or an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) applied directly to the structural wall are examples.
rain srcreen wall
cladding is separated from the waterproof and airtight barriers with an air space cavity. Drainage plane of a WRB applied on the out- side of insulation prevents moisture that penetrates cladding from entering building and directs it back to the exterior with flashing, weep holes, etc… Insulation is located inside the drainage plane. Moisture barrier be may either air permeable or impermeable, depending on the climate, interior environmental conditions etc..
Rock wool
manufactured by melting basalt or oilier rocks in a high-temperature furnace and then spinning the molten mate- rial into long fibers.
Slag wool
manufactured from iron ore blast furnace slag using similar production methods. Slag wool accounts for about 80% of fill products produced by the mineral wool industry. It is formed into batts, blankets, and loose-fill material, and is used in applications similar to those of fiberglass.
Cellulose insulation
made from 80% to 100% recycled paper combined with a fire-retardant additive. For loose-fill applications, a binder is added to prevent settling. Cellulose is used for loose-fill attic insulation as well as dry blown-in and wet-spray applications.
Fiberglass insulation
sometimes used as loose fill, but is more commonly formed into batts, with or without a paper facing
Batt insulation
This material is usually mineral fiber or glass fiber. In addition to providing a means of installation and holding the insulation in place, the kraft paper also serves as a vapor retarder.
Board insulation
made from a variety of organic or inorganic materials formed into rigid boards
Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
closed-cell material manufactured by mixing unexpanded polystyrene beads containing liquid pentane and a blowing agent. The spaces between the beads can absorb water, so a vapor retarder is needed if moisture migration is a concern.
Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
is a closed-cell material manufactured by mixing polystyrene pellets with various chemicals and then introducing a blowing agent.
Sprayed foam insulation
Sprayed foam has an excellent R-value with the added advantages of conforming to the shape of the cavity and sealing all cracks and openings thoroughly.
emissivity
also called emittance, a measure of how much energy is emitted
Flashing
prevents water penetration and directs any water that does get into construction back to the outside. Flashing is made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, plastic, and elastomeric materials.
Parameter method
Used during the design development phase and early stages of construction document production. It involves an expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities.
Matrix costing
A matrix is drawn showing the various alternatives along one side and the individual elements that combine to produce the total cost of the alternatives on the other side.
Unit Cost method
The project is broken down into its individual building components and the labor needed to install them. Contractors typically use this method of estimating when they are determining a bid or negotiated price for the project.The estimate should include • material and labor costs• cost of equipment, fees, and services necessary to complete the project• the contractor’s overhead and profit
General overhead
the cost to run a contracting business and involves office rent, secretarial help, heat, and other recurring costs.The total overhead costs, including both general and project expenses, can range from about 10% to 20% of the total costs for labor, materials, and equipment
Project overhead
the money it takes to complete a particular job, not including labor, materials, or equipment. This includes temporary offices, telephone/data service, sanitary facilities, trash removal, insurance, permits, and temporary utilities.The total overhead costs, including both general and project expenses, can range from about 10% to 20% of the total costs for labor, materials, and equipment
Lateral deflection
the predicted movement of a structure under lateral loads
Story drift
story drift is defined as the difference in lateral deflection between two adjacent stories
means of egress
As defined in the IBC:a continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied portion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct parts: the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge
LCCA
method for determining the total cost of a building, building compo- nent, or system over a period of time. LCCA takes into account the initial cost as well as the costs offinancing, operation, maintenance, and eventual disposal.
Types of cost analysis- There are three general methods of refining a project budget.
- parameter method 
* matrix costing 
* unit cost method
Buildings in a hot-humid climate region should
- be elongated along the east-west axis* reduce solar heat gain* encourage air movement for evaporative cooling* provide shading for windows and outdoor spaces
1 cu yd = x cu ft
1 cu yd = 27 cu ft
a x foot access aisle is required to accommodate accessible parking
a 5 foot access aisle is required to accommodate accessible parking
Fluorescent bulbs produce light when an electric arc passes between cathodes …
…to exciteÂmercuryÂand other gases producing radiant energy, which is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating.
What type of agent would be added to the mix when pouring concrete in hot weather?
Retarding agent
Sound absorbing materials help reduce noise within a room…
…however, when noise comes from outside a particular room, the sound transmission into that room must be reduced.
IBC contains requirements for the ventilation of attics and concealed roof spaces…
…when building materials are enclosed on both the exterior and interior side of a space, the concealed space becomes susceptible to moisture intrusion. Ventilation paths allow moist air to be exhausted from a concealed space.
What types of construction details should be created during design development to provide protection from weather and climate?
• the climatic zone in which the building is located• the individual microclimate surrounding the building• environmental conditions required inside the building• the type of structure and exposed cladding being used• expected building movement• other detailing considerations of cost, desired appearance, security, acoustics, fire resistance, durability, and similar parameters
detailing considerations include:
• The air barrier must be fully supported and continuous to be effective.• Connections between the structural wall and the cladding should not allow water to travel across the air space. Built-in drips or clips on the connections should be specified.• Eliminate air movement and ventilation on the conditioned side of the insulation.• Only one vapor retarder should be used to allow the wall structure to dry through vapor diffusion, either to the outside or the inside.• Eliminate or minimize thermal shortcuts through thermal insulation. Specify brick ties and other cladding fasteners that ate designed with a thermal break• If a radiant barrier is used, it must have an air space on the warm side to be effective.
Cold Climate Strategies (generally, climate
 regions 5, 6, 7, and 8)
warm, moist interior air
will tend to migrate toward the cooler, drier air
outdoors. This will lead to water vapor condensing inside the insulation cavity or elsewhere inside the wall. To prevent this, impermeable vapor retarders should be placed on the warmer inside of the insulation. Also, a vapor-permeable air barrier should be placed outside the insulation to prevent air infiltration while allowing any accumulated moisture to dry out. In most cases, the air barrier is placed outside the sheathing for support, protection, and ease of construction.
Hot/ Humid Climates Vapor Strategies (generally, climatic regions 1, 2, 3A below the warm- humid line, and 3C)
vapor retarders should be placed on the warmer outside of the insulation to pre- vent the moist, warm air outside the building from migrating to the cooler, dehumidified interior spaces. In these climate regions, the vapor retarder should also serve as air barrier; that is, the air barrier should be vapor-impermeable.
Mixed Climatic Vapor Strategies (generally, climate zones 4, some parts of 5 and some parts of 3A, 3B, 3C, and 4B)
vapor-permeable air barrier should be placed outside the insulation, and no vapor retarders should be used. This allows any vapor or condensation to pass through the wall in either direction.
Which soils type is most-permeable?
Gavel - The more space between soil particles in a particular soil, the more permeable it is. That is why gravel is most permeable of the soils listed (gaps between gravel particles can be seen with the naked eye).Following gravel would be sand, silt, and clay respectively.
Variation in natural brick colors is caused by
the clays from which they bricks are madethe temperatures at which they are fired
Sound transmission is related to density. ÂThe more dense something is the more easily it transmits sound.
Air – 1,139 ft/sec
Water – 4,625Âft/sec
Wood – 10,825Âft/sec
Brick – 11,800Âft/sec
Concrete – 12,100Âft/sec
Steel – 16,000Âft/sec
Glass – 16,400Âft/sec
Aluminum – 19,000Âft/sec
How many different classes of cement are there?
Type I – standard cement
Type II – modified cement
Type III – high-early-strength cement
Type IV – low-heat cement
Type V – sulfate-resisting cement
What Âis commonly used for temperature reinforcement in concrete slabs?
Welded wire fabric (W.W.F.)
concrete mixes have a water-cement ratio
betweenÂ0.35 and 0.45.
Footcandles:
Measure the amount of light striking a surface. Footcandles are a unit of illuminance or illumination, equivalent to the illumination produced by a source of one candle at a distance of one foot and equal to one lumen incident per square foot.
What is a pro forma?
A pro forma is assumed, forecasted, or informal information presented in advance of the actual or formal information. The common objective of a pro forma document is to give a fair idea of the cash outlay for an anticipated occurrence. Pro forma financial statements give an idea of how the actual statement will look if the underlying assumptions hold true. Latin for, according to form or for form’s sake.
Exit discharge
is defined in the building code as “that portion of a means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way (not necessarily direct access to a public way)”
Clear width min. b/w handrails, accessible means of egress
In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, a stairway between stories shall have a clear width of 48 inches minimum between handrails…
ingredients in glass
lime, sand, and soda
GMP
GMP stands for guaranteed maximum price. It is a hybrid of stipulated sum and cost+fee. ÂIt allows the Contractor to bill for the cost+fee of the project but has a ceiling that the Contractor guarantees they will not exceed.
Zoning primarily regulates
• what a parcel of land may be used for• how much of the land may be covered with buildings• how large the structures may be• how far the buildings must be set back from property lines• how much parking and loading space must be provided
What are control strategies for radon?
- Sub-slab depressurization (soil suction) by increasing under-floor ventilation;* Improving the ventilation of the house and avoiding the transport of radon from the basement into living rooms (sealing cracks in floors, walls, and foundations)* Installing a radon sump system in the basement;* Installing a positive pressurization or positive supply ventilation system.
Zoning primarily regulates
- what a parcel of land may be used for 
* how much of the land may be covered with buildings 
* how large the structures may be 
* how far the buildings must be set back from property lines 
* how much parking and loading space must be provided 

