General Memory Info Flashcards
The limbic system is made up of what?
several areas including the cortical and subcortical regions
What is included in the cortical regions?
prefrontal, cingulate, insula & parahippocampal gyrus
What is included in the subcortical regions?
hippocampus, amygdala & ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens
What does the limbic system + other CNS structures provide the basis of?
memory, motivation & emotions
What area is for planning?
frontal & cingulate cortex
What area is for cognition?
cerebral cortex
What area is for stress?
HPA axis, hippocampus & amygdala
What area is for fear?
amygdala
What area is for memory?
hippocampus & enterorhinal cortex
What is the reticular formation made up of? And where do they project to and what are they for?
several nuclei in the medulla, pons & midbrain.
project to wide areas of the thalamus & cortex for altering and wakefulness
Sensory input enters where?
raphe & lateral nuclei
Medical nuclei project to what and to do what?
brain & spinal cord for general modulation
What is the anatomical view of the reticular formation?
reticular neurons have long axons that modulate wide areas of the brain
What is the physiological view of the reticular formation?
ascending retiruclar activating system is for alerting & wakefulness
Where does NE project from and to? What is it for?
projects from locus ceruleus (in pons) to cortex.
for attentional selectivity under stress.
Where does Dopamine project from and to? What is it for?
projects from ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to prefrontal cortex & basal ganglia.
PFC projection promotes motivationally based behavior.
In relation to NE, single locus coeruleus neurons can project to where?
across wide areas of the cortex, brain stem, spinal cord & cerebellum
Serotonin projects from where and to where? What is it for?
from raphe nucleus (in medulla) & projects to extensive cortical areas.
for mood & sleep-wake cycles.
Acetyl choline is from where and projects to where? What is it good for?
from septum, nucleus basalis & diagonal band of Broca and projects to thalamus & extensive cortical areas.
facilitates hippocampal & other cortical regions in memory & cognition.
What are the three parts of the prefrontal cortex?
lateral prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
ventromedial cortex
What is the lateral prefrontal cortex for?
working memory
executive control functions (formulating, refining & maintaining goals to regulate behavior & to solve problems)
determines course of behavior based on various alternatives
What is the orbitofrontal cortex for?
reward, motivation, emotional decision making
reversal of stimulus-response learning
inhibitis inappropriate action; defer immediate reward in favor of long-term advantage
What does the ventromedial cortex connect with? What is it for?
connections w/hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens & hypothalamus.
generates & regulates emotional responses, declarative memory & habits
What are the two parts of the ventromedial cortex?
medial PFC
anterior cingulate
What is the medial PFC for?
incorporates emotional biasing into decision making processes
emotions experienced & meanings bestowed on our perceptions
extinction of fear conditioning
What is the anterior cingulate for?
choosing among complex actions
more behaviorally based than medial PFC
In terms of the PFC what do the ventral/medial regions do? What do the dorsal/lateral regions do?
ventral/medial: regulate emotion
dorsal/lateral: regulate though & action
The PFC provides what kind of control over what?
top-down control over attention, emotion & behavior
The PFC has what kind of connections to reticular nuclei and what does this mean for the PFC?
has direct and indirect connections to reticular nuclei which means it can regulate its own catecholamine inputs: NE via locus coeruleus; dopamine via substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area
How many layers does the amygdala have?
three layer cortex (archicortex)
Where is the hippocampus located?
near surface of medial temporal lobe & bulges into lateral ventricle
Hippocampal efferents project where? What happens with processed information here?
reversely through enterorhinal & parahippocampal cortex.
it is condolidated as memory into wide areas of cortex: prefrontal, temporal & parietal
The hippocampus & medial temporal lobe are associated with what kind of memory?
declarative memory
The amygdala is associated with with what kind of memory?
emotional type of procedural memory
The prefrontal cortex is associated with what kind of memory?
working memory
What is declarative (explicit) memory?
episodic & semantic memory
What is episodic memory?
memory for specific autobiographical episodes or events; of experience & spatial & temporal context of event
What does the hippocampus do with episodic memories?
it endoces & consolidates them and then projects them all over the cortex: medial prefrontal, parahippocampal, entorhinal, perirhinal, lateral temporal & parietal sensory association cortices
What is semantic memory? Where is it consolidated?
consolidated primarily in the anterior temporal lobe & lateral prefrontal cortex.
non-contextual content of experience of knowledge about the world.
formation & long term representation of concepts, categories, facts, word meanings, knowledge about ourselves.
noetic consciousness
What two systems consolidate memory and manage different aspects of declarative memory?
anterior temporal system (peirhinal cortex, temporopolar cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex & amygdala)
posterior medial system (parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus & angular gyrus)
What do the AT & PM systems extract?
essential information during experience of an event
What does the AT system relate?
representations of specific entities to existing semantic concepts
What does the PM system do with this info?
matches incoming cues about current context to interactions among entities & environment during novel experience
What does the retrosplenial area of the cingulate gyrus do?
coordinates several regions for precise recall of various aspects of episodic memory
