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OS III > General Memory Info > Flashcards

General Memory Info Flashcards

1
Q

The limbic system is made up of what?

A

several areas including the cortical and subcortical regions

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2
Q

What is included in the cortical regions?

A

prefrontal, cingulate, insula & parahippocampal gyrus

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3
Q

What is included in the subcortical regions?

A

hippocampus, amygdala & ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

What does the limbic system + other CNS structures provide the basis of?

A

memory, motivation & emotions

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5
Q

What area is for planning?

A

frontal & cingulate cortex

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6
Q

What area is for cognition?

A

cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What area is for stress?

A

HPA axis, hippocampus & amygdala

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8
Q

What area is for fear?

A

amygdala

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9
Q

What area is for memory?

A

hippocampus & enterorhinal cortex

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10
Q

What is the reticular formation made up of? And where do they project to and what are they for?

A

several nuclei in the medulla, pons & midbrain.

project to wide areas of the thalamus & cortex for altering and wakefulness

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11
Q

Sensory input enters where?

A

raphe & lateral nuclei

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12
Q

Medical nuclei project to what and to do what?

A

brain & spinal cord for general modulation

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13
Q

What is the anatomical view of the reticular formation?

A

reticular neurons have long axons that modulate wide areas of the brain

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14
Q

What is the physiological view of the reticular formation?

A

ascending retiruclar activating system is for alerting & wakefulness

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15
Q

Where does NE project from and to? What is it for?

A

projects from locus ceruleus (in pons) to cortex.

for attentional selectivity under stress.

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16
Q

Where does Dopamine project from and to? What is it for?

A

projects from ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to prefrontal cortex & basal ganglia.
PFC projection promotes motivationally based behavior.

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17
Q

In relation to NE, single locus coeruleus neurons can project to where?

A

across wide areas of the cortex, brain stem, spinal cord & cerebellum

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18
Q

Serotonin projects from where and to where? What is it for?

A

from raphe nucleus (in medulla) & projects to extensive cortical areas.
for mood & sleep-wake cycles.

19
Q

Acetyl choline is from where and projects to where? What is it good for?

A

from septum, nucleus basalis & diagonal band of Broca and projects to thalamus & extensive cortical areas.
facilitates hippocampal & other cortical regions in memory & cognition.

20
Q

What are the three parts of the prefrontal cortex?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
ventromedial cortex

21
Q

What is the lateral prefrontal cortex for?

A

working memory
executive control functions (formulating, refining & maintaining goals to regulate behavior & to solve problems)
determines course of behavior based on various alternatives

22
Q

What is the orbitofrontal cortex for?

A

reward, motivation, emotional decision making
reversal of stimulus-response learning
inhibitis inappropriate action; defer immediate reward in favor of long-term advantage

23
Q

What does the ventromedial cortex connect with? What is it for?

A

connections w/hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens & hypothalamus.
generates & regulates emotional responses, declarative memory & habits

24
Q

What are the two parts of the ventromedial cortex?

A

medial PFC

anterior cingulate

25
Q

What is the medial PFC for?

A

incorporates emotional biasing into decision making processes
emotions experienced & meanings bestowed on our perceptions
extinction of fear conditioning

26
Q

What is the anterior cingulate for?

A

choosing among complex actions

more behaviorally based than medial PFC

27
Q

In terms of the PFC what do the ventral/medial regions do? What do the dorsal/lateral regions do?

A

ventral/medial: regulate emotion

dorsal/lateral: regulate though & action

28
Q

The PFC provides what kind of control over what?

A

top-down control over attention, emotion & behavior

29
Q

The PFC has what kind of connections to reticular nuclei and what does this mean for the PFC?

A

has direct and indirect connections to reticular nuclei which means it can regulate its own catecholamine inputs: NE via locus coeruleus; dopamine via substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area

30
Q

How many layers does the amygdala have?

A

three layer cortex (archicortex)

31
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

near surface of medial temporal lobe & bulges into lateral ventricle

32
Q

Hippocampal efferents project where? What happens with processed information here?

A

reversely through enterorhinal & parahippocampal cortex.

it is condolidated as memory into wide areas of cortex: prefrontal, temporal & parietal

33
Q

The hippocampus & medial temporal lobe are associated with what kind of memory?

A

declarative memory

34
Q

The amygdala is associated with with what kind of memory?

A

emotional type of procedural memory

35
Q

The prefrontal cortex is associated with what kind of memory?

A

working memory

36
Q

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

A

episodic & semantic memory

37
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

memory for specific autobiographical episodes or events; of experience & spatial & temporal context of event

38
Q

What does the hippocampus do with episodic memories?

A

it endoces & consolidates them and then projects them all over the cortex: medial prefrontal, parahippocampal, entorhinal, perirhinal, lateral temporal & parietal sensory association cortices

39
Q

What is semantic memory? Where is it consolidated?

A

consolidated primarily in the anterior temporal lobe & lateral prefrontal cortex.
non-contextual content of experience of knowledge about the world.
formation & long term representation of concepts, categories, facts, word meanings, knowledge about ourselves.
noetic consciousness

40
Q

What two systems consolidate memory and manage different aspects of declarative memory?

A

anterior temporal system (peirhinal cortex, temporopolar cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex & amygdala)
posterior medial system (parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus & angular gyrus)

41
Q

What do the AT & PM systems extract?

A

essential information during experience of an event

42
Q

What does the AT system relate?

A

representations of specific entities to existing semantic concepts

43
Q

What does the PM system do with this info?

A

matches incoming cues about current context to interactions among entities & environment during novel experience

44
Q

What does the retrosplenial area of the cingulate gyrus do?

A

coordinates several regions for precise recall of various aspects of episodic memory

OS III (12 decks)

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