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OS III > Emotions and Memory > Flashcards

Emotions and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three manifestations of emotional experiences?

A

ANS (physiological, visceral), behaviors (facial expressions), subjective feelings (love, fear, hate, etc) or drives/desire basic to survival

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2
Q

What are the areas of the brain associated with emotional responsivity and expression?

A

prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, amygdala, (less involved regions: hippocampus, somatosensory cortex & temporal association cortices)

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3
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

exteroceptive evaluation of events and objects + interoceptive perception of physiological condition of body

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4
Q

What are bodily symptoms?

A

physiological component of emotional experiences mediated mostly by ANS

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5
Q

What are action tendencies?

A

motivational component for preparation & direction of motor responses

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6
Q

What are the two components of expression?

A

facial & vocal; accompany an emotional state to communicate reaction & intention of action

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7
Q

What are feelings? What are they based on?

A

subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred; based on active interpretations of changes in physiological conditions of the body

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8
Q

What is the part of the insula involved in mapping internal body states & representing emotional arousal & feelings?

A

The viscerosensory cortex

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9
Q

What does being emotionally aware incorporate/involve?

A

smell, taste, visceral, internal state of body, sensory inputs related to homeostasis & well being

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10
Q

What is the anterior part of the viscerosensory cortex for? The posterior part?

A 
anterior= perceiving affective aspect of pain and temperature
posterior= somatosensory input
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11
Q

What does the viscerosensory cortex do with info about bodily states?

A

integrates bodily states into higher-order cognitive & emotional processes= experience of emotions; uses connections w/PFC, ACC & amygdala

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12
Q

What is the posterior insula for?

A

interoceptive & exteroceptive info regarding pain, temperature, touch, itch, taste, visceral changes & emotional touch

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13
Q

What is the anterior insula for?

A

info from posterior integrated with homeostasis, motivation, emotional & cognitive info from ACC, PFC, amygdala & interoceptive pathways via solitary nucleus; perception of subjective interoceptive states

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14
Q

What is the anterior insula for in relation to homeostasis specifically?

A

novel or unexpected stimuli; difficult perceptual tasks & maintaining homeostasis; require a change in adaptive behavior via anticipation

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15
Q

Map of internal states forms basis for ________ physiological reactions (______) to emotional stimuli with respect to self (______)

A

predicting; anticipation; subjective feeling

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16
Q

What two parts of the brain work together to maintain homeostasis in relation to our emotions and actions? What does each do?

A

cingulate (ACC) & insula; insula= limbic sensory cortex; ACC= processes motivations & actions generated by homeostatic emotions

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17
Q

Hyperactivity of the insula leads to what?

A

different anxiety disorders & fear conditioning

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18
Q

What part of the brain is involved in empathy?

A

anterior insula

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19
Q

What does observing an emotionally laden action do to us?

A

generates viscero-motor outcomes which gives us a first person experience of the observed actions

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20
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

just anterior to the hippocampus w/in the temporal lobe

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21
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A

cognitive-emotion interactions & consolidates them into memory; involved in perception & attention to emotional valency & intensity or personal & interpersonal emotions

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22
Q

What projections of what nucleus contribute to affective attention?

A

ascending & descending projects of the central nucleus

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23
Q

What are the ascending projections influenced by? What part of the brain mediates this action?

A

amygdala influences info processing & memory consolidation throughout cortex; mediated via basal forebrain

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24
Q

What are the efferent projections good for?

A

important role in shaping visual perception & awareness b/c project to multiple parts of visual cortex

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25
Q

Descending projects come from what structure of the brain? This leads to what?

A

hippocampus & other brain stem sites

leads to mobilization of bodily resources

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26
Q

What part of the brain mediates expression of innate & learned fear + anxiety?

A

the amygdala (central nucleus)

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27
Q

Amygdala regulates ______ and _______ functions through various ______

A

visceral, behavioral, brain stem nuclei

28
Q

What are some visceral responses which can be mediated by the amygdala?

A

increased HR, decreased salivation, stomach ulcers, changes in respiration, vigilance, urination, defecation, startle responses, freezing

29
Q

What are mental states?

A

action dispositions

30
Q

What are actions?

A

cognitive, behavioral, physiological or behavioral responses

31
Q

The amygdala participates in mental states by?

A

being readily engaged when there is ambiguity, when gathering more info is necessary & when generating cortical arousal

32
Q

Does the amygdala respond more or less to angry faces? More or less to surprised faces?

A

Less to angry faces but more to fearful/surprised b/c they are ambiguous (don’t know what has caused this look) & b/c requires attention & vigilance

33
Q

Vigilance is maintained by amygdala activation of what process?

A

activation of basal forebrain nuclei & acetyl choline to activate the (sensory) cortex; also necessary to filter out extraneous info

34
Q

Amygdala mediates __________ of _________ fear

A

acquisition, conditioned

35
Q

Amygdala consolidates cognitive levels of emotional memory directly and indirectly where?

A

into the mPFC & indirectly to wide areas of the cortex

36
Q

Where does the amygdala initially receive input from? What does it use this info to evaluate?

A

mPFC, cingulate, insula, hippocampus, sensory association & limbic cortices to evaluate social & emotional significance of sensory info

37
Q

Where is sensory info that the amygdala receives projected back to?

A

mPFC & hipposcampus & consolidated as emotional memory

38
Q

What does the hippocampus do with emotional memory & how does it do this?

A

encodes & consolidates it as long term memory over wide areas of cortex via basal forebrain cholinergic neurmodulatory system

39
Q

What does the amygdala activate during recollection of emotional memory?

A

hypothalamus & brainstem (areas that express autonomic & behavioral aspects of learned emotional responses)

40
Q

In terms of fear what are the amygdala & mPFC for? The hippocampus?

A

together amygdala & mPFC retain association of sight of feared objected; mPFC regulates amygdala’s expression of emotional responses; hippocampus adds context

41
Q

How does the brain process cues and contexts?

A

separate, parallel systems for each

42
Q

What is the context processing system essential for?

A

understanding meaning of cues in context

43
Q

What does the cue processing system include?

A

amygdala, sensory cortices, posterior insula, parietal & temporal association areas

44
Q

What does the context processing system involve?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior insula & anterior cingulate cortex

45
Q

Is amygdalar emotional memory retrieval conscious or unconscious?

A

unconscious; mediate emotional conditioning of the ANS in recognition of strong facial expressions

46
Q

Does a neutral face produce ANS response? How about angry face paired with sound?

A

neutral face= no ANS response

angry+sound= conditioned ANS response

47
Q

What happens if you see an angry face followed by a neutral face in 15 msec?

A

no perception of angry face BUT does elicit ANS response!

48
Q

Where are emotional events processed?

Where are they transmitted to and to turn it into what kind of memory?

A

in sensory systems & then transmitted to medial temporal lobe for declarative memory formation about situation & to amygdala for emotional memory formation

49
Q

What happens when the sensory system processes a memory cue vs when the amygdala retrieves it?

A

memory cue processed by sensory system= retrieval of conscious memory in medial temporal lobe
when retrieved in amygdala= expression of emotional responses

50
Q

When emotionally aroused are we having emotional memories or memories about emotions?

A

memories about emotions!

51
Q

How does extinction of condition fear happen?

A

vmPFC inhibition of the amygdala

52
Q

With extinction of conditioned fear is it erased or overriden?

A

overridden! emotion inhibited not forgotten

53
Q

During stress what does the amygdala activate? What does this produce?

A

stress pathways in hypothalamus & reticular formation; produces high levels of NE & DA neuromodulation of cortex & amygdala

54
Q

Does high NE & DA (in response to stress) inhibit/impair or activate/enhance PFC functions? What does this cause? What can this lead to?

A

INHIBITS or IMPAIRS= strengthens fear conditioning mediated by amygdala & can lead to anxiety

55
Q

Attention regulation switches from ________ to _______ so that the stimulus captures our attention

A

top-down control by PFC to bottom-up control by sensory cortices

56
Q

During stress does the amygdala act habitually or flexibly in relation to motor response?

A

habitually & shifts attention based on context; brain response pattern switches to rapid emotional responses

57
Q

What neurotransmitter enhances reactivity & operating characteristics of amygdala? By what receptors?

A

NE! via adrenergic receptors

58
Q

What does a vmPFC lesion cause?

A

leads to inability to plan ahead or recognize consequence of actions & inhibits emotional tendencies from the amygdala (think Phineas Gage)

59
Q

What does an anygdala lesion cause?

A

inability to link past experiences to stimuli that have important behavioral consequences; inability to recognize facial expressions of strong emotions (fear esp.); complacency w/ decrease in anxiety & fear; less aggression; visual, auditory or tactile agnosia (can’t recognize objects); inappropriate sexual behavior

60
Q

What does the amygdala have to do with the idea of ‘personal space’

A

amygdala controls interpretation & responses to social situations & recognition of possible threats; governs preference for personal space & becomes more active when people are too close

61
Q

What is an SM patient?

What other neurocognitive disease has a symptom of standing ‘too close for comfort?’

A

have rare bilateral calcification; prefer to stand closer; can’t recognize fear in peoples’ faces;
autistics also interact at very close distances

62
Q

What causes anxiety?

A

Greater anticipatory reactivity in insula & amygdala (insula of more importance)

63
Q

What does the insula process?

A

fearful faces, perceptual awareness of threat, aversive interoceptive processing

64
Q

Anticipation is thought to be mediated by what three parts of the brain?

A

insula, medial prefrontal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex

65
Q

People prone to anxiety show an _______ insular response to _______ in response to neutral stimulus when paired w/aversive stimulus

A

enhanced; interoceptive prediction signal

OS III (12 decks)

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