General items to memorize

Question 1

PICO purpose

Answer 1

EBP strategy used to create clinical questions and direct research

Question 2

PICO acronym

Answer 2

• P= Person/ problem interest/ population (what are characteristics of patient?)
• I= Intervention (What do you want to do with the patient?)
• C= Comparison/ control conditions (other interventions or treatments, no treatments, etc.)
• O= outcomes (what are you trying to accomplish?)

Question 3

PICO example

Answer 3

• P=child with attention and sensory seeking behaviors has difficulty completing assignment in classroom
• I= increase child’s attention by used of therapy ball
• C= therapy ball vs, student chair at desk
• O= does child’s learning improve on therapy ball vs. desk chair?

Question 4

Levels of evidence: level 1

Answer 4

Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, RCT and intervention groups
-highest level of evidence

Question 5

Levels of evidence: Level 2

Answer 5

Non-randomized studies with 2 groups; 1 is a control group

Question 6

Levels of evidence: Level 3

Answer 6

Non-randomized study with 1 group; before and after, longitudinal, etc.

Question 7

Levels of evidence: Level 4

Answer 7

Descriptive studies, analysis of outcomes, single-subject design, case series, survey studies

Question 8

Levels of evidence: Level 5

Answer 8

Expert opinion, lit review, research not performed on human subjects

Question 9

Alpha level (p-value)

Answer 9

Pre-selected level of statistical significance; percentage of error due to chance researchers are willing to accept
-usually .05 (only a 5% chance of this error)

Question 10

MET levels

Answer 10

Amount of energy burned or oxygen needed during exercise and various physical activities (generally rated 1-10)

Question 11

Common MET level requirements

Answer 11

• Dressing requires 2 MET levels
• All self-care is under 3 METs EXCEPT for hot showers (around 4-5 METs)
• Most IADLs under 6 METs
• During healing process after heart attack, most MET levels kept around 2-4.

Question 12

ASIA scale A

Answer 12

Impairment in complete: there is no motor or sensory function below the level of injury

Question 13

ASIA scale B

Answer 13

Impairment is incomplete: sensory, but no motor function below level of injury

Question 14

ASIA scale C

Answer 14

Impairment is incomplete: motor function preserved below injury, but more than half of key muscles are at muscle grade less than 3

Question 15

ASIA scale D

Answer 15

Impairment incomplete: motor function preserved below injury, around half of key muscles have muscle grade of 3 or more

Question 16

ASIA scale E

Answer 16

All motor and sensory functions are unhindered

Question 17

Alzheimer’s stage 1

Answer 17

Mild memory decline; present with anxiety and confusion

• IADLs and ADLs still possible
• Can learn new tasks, but will need them graded for success
• Post-its, calendars and physical reminders helpful in this stage

Question 18

Alzheimer’s stage 2

Answer 18

Mild-to-moderate decline; patient will remove themselves socially and experience paranoia and hostility

• ADLs mildly impacted, IADLs moderately impacted
• No new tasks can be learned, stick to simple instructions
• focus on maintaining structure, routines and environmental support
• Using photos can be helpful for reality orientation

Question 19

Alzheimer’s stage 3

Answer 19

Moderate to mod-severe cognitive decline; not oriented to time or place, agitated and prone to angry outbursts

• ADLs and IADLs not possible
• Overlearned activities with simple 2-3 steps
• safety very important; remove sharp objects, increase lighting, give identification bracelet, declutter environment
• caregiver training imperative

Question 20

Alzheimer’s stage 4

Answer 20

Sever cognitive decline; unable to communicate, walk or control bodily functions
-goal in treatment to maintain proper positioning and teach caregiver on things like skin integrity (all about comfort)

Question 21

C1-C3 SCI

Answer 21

Usually dependent on ventilator for breathing; talking sometimes difficult

• C3 may have limited movement of head and neck
• primary OT goals should be wheelchair mobility
• Power tilt chair allows for pressure relief; can be operated through head control, mouth stick or chin control

Question 22

C4 SCI

Answer 22

Full head and neck control, some limited shoulder movement, complete paralysis of body and legs; able to breath without ventilator, need assistance clearing secretions and coughing
-Power wheelchair controlled by either chin or sip-and-puff

Question 23

C5 SCI

Answer 23

Full head and neck control, good shoulder movement, some elbow flexion/supination, complete body and leg paralysis

• Electric wheelchair can be used with hand controls; can use manual wheelchair on flat, even surfaces
• Can use typing stick or voice recognition for communication
• driving may be possible

Question 24

C6 SCI

Answer 24

Radial wrist extension gained at this level; passive key-grip (tenodesis) possible at this level by flexing wrist backwards to grip

• A sliding board can be used for assisted transfers
• Can used Wanchik splint or tenodesis splint to help with writing
• some clients can manage bowel and bladder
• can assist in pressure relief

Question 25

C7-C8 SCI

Answer 25

Full elbow extension and flexion, full wrist flexion and extension; C7 allows some movements of thumb
-independent in upper-body grooming and showering dressing

Question 26

T1-T4 SCI

Answer 26

Full use of arms, wrists and fingers; lower body paralyzed, upper-body strength depends on level of injury
-Manual wheelchair may be used for everyday living; may need assistance loading and unloading wheelchair in car

Question 27

Lower SCI milestones

Answer 27

• T10-L1: trunk stability achieved

- L2-S5: partial to full control of LE

Question 28

Right hemisphere CVA

Answer 28

• Left hemiparesis
• Visual field deficits
• Neglect
• Poor insight and judgement or impulsive behavior

Question 29

Left hemisphere CVA

Answer 29

• Right hemiparesis
• Aphasia (issues understanding or expressing language)
• Apraxia (motor planning deficits)
• Abstract reasoning/math deficits
• Analytical and sequential thinking deficits

Question 30

Psychodynamic FOR

Answer 30

FOR suggests unresolved childhood events are the reason for dysfunction; therapy is usually discussion based

Question 31

Cognitive behavioral FOR

Answer 31

Suggests distorted thinking leads to behavioral and emotional problems related to mental illness; focus of therapy is to increase awareness and change distorted thinking to alter behavior and emotions
-Psychoeducation is a component of this theory

Question 32

General treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

Answer 32

Elevate affected limb, do NOT use heat, focus on managing edema before ROM