General introduction to MOD. Flashcards
What are the explanations here;
What is abnormal affect?
-This is abnormal mood.
What are mood disorders?
-They are a group of mental disorders that significantly affect an individuals mood enough to interfere with their daily functioning.
Outline two examples of mood disorders?
- Bipolar; bipolar type 1 and 2.
- Unipolar; depressive disorder.
Describe the ICD- 11 criteria for Unipolar disorder?
-Unipolar is defined by the concurrent presence of at least 5 out of a list of 10 symptoms which must occur; most of the day, nearly ever day for at least 2 weeks.
-One of the symptoms must be; Depressed mood or Anhedonia.
-The mood disturbances must cause; significant functional impairment and must not be a manifestation of another health condition.
List 5 characteristics or symptoms of depression?
- Depressed mood; sadness.
- Anhedonia; loss of interest.
- Recurrent thoughts of death/ suicidal idea.
- Disrupted sleep or excessive sleep.
- Distrusted appetite or weight gain.
Describe the ICD- 11 criteria for Bipolar disorder type1?
-It’s characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic or mixed episode.
-A person alternates between periods of either manic, mixed episodes and depression.
-A manic episode lasts at least one week and its characterized by an extreme mood usually feeling euphoric but also irritable; it involves high levels of activity and feelings of increased energy.
What are some characteristics individuals would usually portray in Bipolar type 1?
[High mood phases]
- Rapid speech.
- Impulsivity.
- Reckless behavior; gambling.
What is a Mixed episode characterized by?
-It is characterized by a mixture or rapid alternating between manic and depressive state on most days during a 2 week period.
What are depressive episodes?
-Depressive episodes involve depressed moods or lack of interest in daily activity [Anhedonia] and lasts for at least 2 weeks.
Describe the ICD- 11 criteria for Bipolar type 2?
-A person must have had one or more Hypomanic episode and at least one depressive episode.
-The individual has no history of manic or mixed episode.
What is hypomania?
-This is a less severe version of Mania [Mild Version].
What is Mania characterized by?
- Irritability.
- Euphoria.
- Risky behavior; gambling.
Describe the BDI psychometric?
[Measures of Depression].
-It is a Self report tool that measures; attitudes and symptoms of depression.
-It has 21 items [Known symptoms of depression] eg; Anhedonia, Lethargy and Depressed mood.
-Each item consists of at least 4 statements and the person taking the test must choose one out of the 4 that best describes;
‘How they have been feeling in the past one or two weeks and the day of the test.’
-Each statement is rated from 0-3 on a 4 point rating scale that is anchored on each item.
Give an example of a statement in BDI?
- Based on sadness;
I don’t feel sad [0].
I feel sad much of the time [1].
I am sad all the time [2].
I am sad or unhappy I can’t stand it [3].
How was scoring of BDI done?
-The maximum score was 63.
-The minimum score was 0.
-A score between 0-1- means normal up’s and down’s.
-A score between 11-16 normal mood disturbance.
-A score between 17-20 borderline depression.
-A score between 21-30 moderate depression.
-A score between 31-40 severe depression.
-A score of 40 and above extreme depression.
Describe the Biochemical [Catecholamines] explanation for MOD?
-Catecholamines are implicated in the development of Mood disorders/ Affective disorders.
-The known catecholamines are; Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine.
What is the role of Dopamine?
-The role of Dopamine is to transmit signals related to feelings of pleasure and motivation therefore it is sensible to say a drop in dopamine levels in the brain is implicated in lethargy and anhedonia which is characteristic of depression.
What is the role of Serotonin?
-Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates; sleep, anxiety, mood and appetite.
It is therefore sensible to say that a drop in serotonin levels in the brain could be responsible for; disrupted sleep, disrupted appetite and disrupted mood which is characteristic of Unipolar disorder.
What is the function of Association analysis according to the Genetic explanation?
-Association analysis seeks to link phenotypes with genotypes.