General Information on A/B Flashcards
Which b-lactams are synthetic drugs?
Carbapenem (Imipenem) and Monobactams (Aztreonam)
Which A/B are protein synthesis 50S inhibitors?
Macrolides (Erythromycin)
Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol
Which A/B are protein synthesis 30S inhibitors?
Tetracyclines and Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
What is the ADR that occurs from rapid administration of Vancomycin? Give the clinical features.
Red Man’s syndrome: Fever, Chills, Red Itchy Rash on the neck, or arms and face, Local Phlebitis at site of infusion, Hypotension
Which A/B only acts on Gram Negative bacteria?
Monobactams (Aztreonam)
Which A/B only acts on Gram Positive bacteria?
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins (Flucloxacillin) Vancomycin
Which A/B is not absorbed orally?
Vancomycin
Cephalosporins - poor oral absorption (except for Cefadroxil [1st gen] and Cefixime [3rd gen])
Monobactam? (administered IV or IM)
Carbapenem? (administered IV)
How is cephalosporins excreted? Give the exception.
Excreted by tubular secretions and glomerular filtrations. Except for Ceftriaxone which is secreted via bile into faeces.
How can penicillins be excreted?
Via renal clearance or in breast milk
Doxycycline is classed as Tetracycline class D drugs. What is special about this class?
Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy and for children below 8 years old.
Is Flucoxacillin or Cefuroxime not appropriate for the treatment of UTI? Explain.
Flucloxacillin. It only targets Gram + bacteria and UTI can be caused by Gram - bacteria.
Which component of Gram - bacteria acts as an endotoxin?
Lipopolysaccharide
Which bacteria is usually the cause of rheumatic fever? When will rheumatic fever occur after the infection?
Group A Streptococcus commonly causes rheumatic fever. Occurs 2-4 weeks later after strep sore throat
What food mustn’t be taken with Doxycycline? Explain.
Calcium/Dairy products and antacids/Mg2+ and Al3+
Calcium impairs/decreases absorption due to formation of non-absorbable chelates of tetracyclines.
Which drug is the first choice alternative to penicillin in patients with allergy to beta lactam antibiotics
Macrolides (erythromycin)
What is IV erythromycin associated with?
Thrombophlebitis
Sulfonamides bind to which serum protein? Hence, what are the side effects of taking sulfonamides?
Sulfonamides bind to serum albumin.
Able to cause Warfarin potentiation as it displaces Warfarin from albumin and cause increased bioavailability of Warfarin.
Also causes Kernicterus (brain damage) due to bilirubin build up, as Sulfonamides can displace bilirubin from albumin.
Which Macrolide has increased absorption with food?
Which Macrolide has decreased absorption with food?
Azithromycin and Erythromycin have decreased absorption with food.
Clarithromycin has increased absorption with food.
Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are used to attack against which types of bacteria respectively?
Erythromycin is used against Gram + bacteria and spirochetes.
Clarithromycin is used against H. Influenza and H. Pylori.
Which drug will lead to discoloration of teeth?
Tetracycline
What type of bacteria does Gentamicin works against?
Aerobic Gram - bacteria, including P. Aeruginosa, or infections due to enterococci.
Aerobic Staphylococci
Why can’t aminoglycosides be effective against Anaerobes?
Anaerobes do not have the O2 transporter system required for drugs to be transported into cells of bacteria.
Which drug accumulates in the ears?
Gentamicin
Give an example of Quinolone
Ciprofloxacin
Which antibiotic is only able to act on aerobic bacteria cells? Why not anaerobes?
Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) can only be used against Aerobic Gram - bacilli.
Anaerobes do not have the O2 transport system required for aminoglycosides to enter the bacteria.
Which antibiotic acts on MRSA?
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Daptomycin
Linezolid
Which antibiotics will work against Pseudomonas?
Piperacillin-Tazobactam (Tazocin)
Meropenem
Gentamicin
Ciprofloxacin
Which antibiotics work against anaerobes?
Co-amoxiclav
Piperacillin-Tazobactam (Tazocin)
Meropenem
Metronidazole
