GENERAL INFORMATION Flashcards
Can you define erectile dysfunction, specifying the key aspects related to penile erections and sexual satisfaction?
Erectile dysfunction is characterized by the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. The condition is diagnosed when this issue persists for at least 3 months.
What are the common misconceptions regarding erectile dysfunction and its association with age in men?
Erectile dysfunction is sometimes mistaken as a natural consequence of ageing in men. Still, it’s more likely linked to concurrent medical conditions (e.g., hypertension, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, or psychiatric disorders) or the medications used to treat these conditions.
For instance, up to 50% of patients with diabetes mellitus experience erectile dysfunction, and certain medications like diuretics are known to be associated with high erectile dysfunction.
What is the corpus spongiosum and where is it located?
The corpus spongiosum is a cylindrical structure of erectile tissue in the male reproductive system, surrounding the urethra. It is located on the ventral (underside) side of the penis.
What is the composition of the corpus spongiosum and how does it function
The corpus spongiosum contains spongy, erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, causing the penis to enlarge and become erect. It surrounds the urethra, helping it to remain open during an erection, enabling the passage of semen and urine.
What role does the corpus spongiosum play during sexual arousal?
During sexual arousal, the corpus spongiosum fills with blood, contributing to penile erection. It helps maintain the shape and rigidity of the penis, particularly on the ventral (underside) side.
What is the functional significance of the spongy nature of the corpus spongiosum?
The spongy nature of the corpus spongiosum allows it to expand and fill with blood during an erection. This expansion helps to keep the urethra open, facilitating the passage of semen and urine.
What are the corpora cavernosa and where are they located?
The corpora cavernosa are two cylindrical tissue structures within the penis (or clitoris in females) that fill with blood during sexual arousal, causing an erection. They are located on the dorsal (upper) side of the penis.
What is the main function of the corpora cavernosa?
The corpora cavernosa play a critical role in penile erection. They fill with blood during sexual arousal, causing the penis to enlarge and become erect, allowing for sexual activity.
What is the role of the vascular system in penile erection?
The vascular system is crucial for penile erection. During sexual arousal, blood flow to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum increases, filling these structures with blood and causing the penis to become erect.
Describe the physiology of penile erection
Penile erection is a hemodynamic event involving vasodilation of arteries and increased blood flow to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. This is regulated by the release of nitric oxide, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and engorgement of the erectile tissue.
What are the two main structures of erectile tissue in the penis?
The penis consists of the corpora cavernosa (two on the dorsal side) and the corpus spongiosum (one on the ventral side surrounding the urethra).
What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the penis?
The tunica albuginea is a fibrous tissue membrane encasing the corpora cavernosa. It provides structural support and helps maintain the shape and rigidity of the penis during an erection.
Describe the role of acetylcholine in penile erection.
Acetylcholine, released in response to sexual stimulation, triggers vasodilation in the penis. It has two pathways: one involving nitric oxide and cGMP, and another involving cAMP, both resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and enhanced blood flow to the corpora cavernosa.
Explain the nitric oxide pathway in penile erection.
Acetylcholine triggers the production of nitric oxide (NO), Nitric oxide activates an enzyme called guanylate cyclase, leading to increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
cGMP causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the arteries and the sinuses of the corpora cavernosa.
The relaxation of smooth muscles allows increased blood flow into the sinuses and the erectile tissue, resulting in an erection.
Describe the alternative pathway involving cAMP in penile erection.
In an alternative pathway, acetylcholine enhances adenyl cyclase activity, leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
cAMP, like cGMP, causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the arteries and the sinuses of the corpora cavernosa.
cAMP causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells, enhancing arterial blood flow and contributing to an erection.
