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Board Review > General Info/Terms > Flashcards

General Info/Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Left shift

A

Increase in the number of immature red or white blood cells in a sample.

Good predictor of bacterial infection if combined with an elevated WBC count.

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2
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability of a test to detect a person who has the disease

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3
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of a test to detect a healthy person

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4
Q

First and second line treatment for AOM

A

Amoxicillin and augmentin

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4
Q

Kiesselbachs plexus trauma

A

The Kiesselbach plexus is located in the nasal cavity, specifically in the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal septum where several arteries anastomose to form the plexus, or vascular network. Its main function is to adjust the temperature of the air inhaled through the nose, via heat exchange between the air and the arteries. Because of its large supply of blood, the Kiesselbach plexus is the most common site of nose bleeds.

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5
Q

Medication classes that can be used for patients with a penicillin allergy

A

Macrolides, clindamycin, quinolones (levofloxaxin, moxifloxacin)

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6
Q

What ethnic group is prone to Alpha thalassemia?

A

Southeast asians

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7
Q

What ethnic group is prone to Beta thalassemia?

A

Those of mediterranean descent

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8
Q

Common symptoms of SLE?

A

Butterfly rash and photosensitivity

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9
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders and hips. Signs and symptoms usually begin quickly and are worse in the morning.

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10
Q

Treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Long term low dose steriods

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11
Q

Finklestein’s test

A

Test for diagnosis of De Quervain disease. Wrist placed on edge of table with hand hanging down and ulna on the table. If pain then positive. If no pain apply downward pressure to hand. IF pain then positive.

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12
Q

De Quervain’s disease

A

commonly associated with the repetitive motions that place stress on the wrist; it is ommonly associated with professions such as restaurant servers. Moreover, De Quervain’s disease is significantly more likely to occur in females.

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13
Q

Grading for deep tendon reflexes

A

0 - absent
1 - hypoactive
2 - normal
3 - hyperactive
4 - clonus

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14
Q

Examples of penicillins

A

Amoxicillin
Penicillin VK

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15
Q

Examples of cephalosporins

A
  • keflex (1st gen)
  • ceftin (2nd gen)
  • cefaklor
  • cefzil
  • rocepin (third gen)
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15
Q

Examples of macrolides

A
  • erythromycin
  • azithromycin
  • clarithromycin
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16
Q

People with a penicillin allergy may also be allergic to ….

A

cephalosporins

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17
Q

Examples of quinolones

A
  • ciprofloxacin
  • oxofloxacin
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18
Q

Quinolones for gram positive bacteria

A
  • levofloxacin
  • moxifloxacin
  • Gatifloxacin
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19
Q

Examples of sulfa antibiotics

A

bactrim

20
Q

Examples of tetracyclines

A
  • tetracycline
  • doxycycline
21
Q

Levels of evidence for research studies

A
  1. Meta analysis/Systemic review
  2. RCT
  3. Experimental studies (control/intervention, group randomization).
  4. cohort/case control
  5. retrospective chart review
  6. expert opinion
22
Q

Case control study

A

Compare groups of people with and without a condition of interest in real time.

Used to identify risk factors for a disease by looking backward in time to identify exposures that may have led to the condition.

Useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes, and can be relatively quick and inexpensive.

Can’t determine causality, and there’s a chance of recall bias affecting the results.

23
Q

Cohort study

A

Follow a group of people over time to observe outcomes, such as the development of a disease or other outcome.

Generally prospective in design, starting from the exposure status, and can determine causal associations between risk factors and disease. Cohort studies can provide the strongest scientific evidence, but they’re more expensive and time-consuming than case-control studies, and they require a larger sample size.

Biases such as loss to follow-up and misclassification can also affect the results

24
Q

Deprescribing

A

Adjusting dose to minimum needed or discontinuing medication

25
Q

Pharmacogenetics/ pharmacogenomics

A

How genes affect drug metabolism

26
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Process by which medication is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body.

27
Q

Disease which causes the most deaths overall…

A

Heart disease

28
Q

Cancer with the highest mortality

A

Lung cancer

29
Q

Most common cause of death in adolescents

A

MVA

30
Q

Most common cancer in females

A

breast cancer

31
Q

Most common cancer in males

A

prostate cancer

32
Q

Most common type of cancer overall

A

skin cancer

33
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

34
Q

Skin cancer with the highest mortality

A

melanoma

35
Q

Most common gynecological cancer

A

uterine cancer

36
Q

Second most common gynecological cancer

A

ovarian

37
Q

Tanner stages - girls

A
  1. Breast bud and aerola develop
  2. no separation of breast and nipple mound (one mound)
  3. Nipple and areola become elevated from breast (separate mound)
38
Q

Tanner stages - boys

A
  1. Testes and scrotum enlarge, scrotal skin darkens with more ruggae
  2. Penis and testes/scrotum become longer
  3. Penis becomes wider and grows in length. Testes become longer with darkened scrotal skin.
39
Q

Gluten containing grains…

A

Wheat, barley, rye

39
Q

Monosaturated fats & foods that contain it

A

Good for the heart. Include olive oil, canola oil, nuts (almonds, walnuts), sunflower oil, mediterranean diet

40
Q

Saturated/trans fats & foods that contain it

A

Cause heart disease. Lard, beef fat, fried foods

41
Q

Omega 3 & foods that contain it

A

Decreases risk of heart disease.

Salmon, fish oil, flaxseed oil.

42
Q

Magnesium & foods that contain it

A

Decreases blood pressure.
Almonds, peanuts, cashews, whole wheat

43
Q

Potassium & foods that contain it

A

Decreases blood pressure.

Apricots, bananas, oranges, prune juice, some veg

44
Q

Iron & foods that contain it

A

Beef, liver, black beans, black eye peas

45
Q

Vitamin K

A

If patient has clotting disorder intake should be limited.

Kale, collard greens, spinach, broccoli, cabbage

46
Q

Biphasic anaphylaxis

A

Occurs in 23% of cases, recurrence of symptoms within 8-10 hours.
Give medrol dose pack and long acting antihistamine when discharging from ED.

47
Q

Choosing the “best initial intervention”

A

Use SOAPE:

S - subjective
O - objective
A - asses/diagnosis
P - Plan (treatment)
E - evaluate response to treatment

Board Review (25 decks)

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