General Grammar

Question 1

(n.) + によって
+ により
+ による
*によって + により is the same, (より is more formal) but による is one because of the other)

Answer 1

because of/due to (a reason)
by (a method/way/means)
by (identifies the agent of action, particularly in a passive sentence)
dependant on (when highlighting differences)

Question 2

ため(に)

Answer 2

cause and effect statement
(because of clause one)ため, (clause 2 happens)

Question 3

verb neg +ず

Answer 3

old fashioned negative verb that is used to negate verbs

Question 4

masu stem + 続ける

Answer 4

describing continued, repeated or sustained actions

Question 5

n. ~において
n. ~における + n.

Answer 5

regarding, in, at (place), as for, in relation to
more formal version of の..? (same as above)
a formal version of で

Question 6

しており

Answer 6

continuative form of する indicating an ongoing action

Question 7

n. + にとって (は・も)

Answer 7

to; for; concerning; as far as… is concerned; regarding

Question 8

~であり

Answer 8

formal phrase of です

Question 9

への

Answer 9

direction or destination associated with the action
‘effort TOWARDS/FOR a better future’
possessive particle indicating direction or destination
shows that the following noun is the destination or the object of the action

Question 10

~において

Answer 10

regarding, in, at (formal)
e.g この大学において、数学の研究が進められています

Question 11

verb dict. + つつ(も)

Answer 11

even though, despite, simultaneous or continuous contrast (while)
e.g 寒いつつも、外へ出かけた

Question 12

て form +も

Answer 12

even if, although , more general, one time actions
e.g 高いても、買います

Question 13

のに

Answer 13

despite, although, sense of disappointment
e.g 頑張ったのに、失敗した

Question 14

~かと思った

Answer 14

softening thought, rhetorical
e.g そうする意味はないかと思います
– I think there’s probably no significance in doing that
そうする意味はないと思います
– I think there’s no significance in doing that

Question 15

むしろ + phrase

Answer 15

rather, instead
私はむしろ一人で行きたい
– I would rather go alone

Question 16

verb (casual, present) ところ

Answer 16

just about to, on the verge of doing smth
e.g これから料理を作るところです。
- I am just about to start cooking

Question 17

adj (いadj w/o い) + がる/がっている

Answer 17

to show signs of, to appear, to think
turns adjectives into verbs
e.g 彼は負けて斬遠んがっている.
– He appears to be disappointed in his defeat

Question 18

n. + として

Answer 18

as, in the role of
e.g 同じ日本人として彼を応援していきたいです。
– I want to go and support him as a fellow JP person

Question 19

n.(だ/だった)
な adj (だ/だった) + とは
い adj + い

Answer 19

i didn’t now, I was suprised that, the fact that
e.g 妹の結婚式に出られないとは、残念な限りだ。
– It’s a shame that I am not able to attend my younger sister’s wedding

Question 20

Verb (standard form)
Special verb
する OR する + べき(だ)
な-adjective + である
い-adjective + いくある

Answer 20

should do, must do
e.g おもちゃはまず安全であるべきだ
– Safety comes first for toys

Question 21

より

Answer 21

fancy way of saying もっと

Question 22

と比べる

Answer 22

to compare

Question 23

むしろ

Answer 23

instead, rather

Question 24

らしく

Answer 24

adv suffix (from らしい)
like, in a way characteristic too

Question 25

N＋意外（いがい）

Answer 25

aside from…

Question 26

Xまでに / の A

e.g. beauty to the point of being divine

Answer 26

A to the point of being X

こうごうしい　までに　美しい
神々しい　までの　美しさ

Question 27

に関して

Answer 27

about, regarding

Question 28

PURPOSE
１。ために
２。に
３。のに
４。ように (needs POTENTIAL V)

Answer 28

1. benefit, causation
2. purpose in direction/motion
3. purpose of usage
4. ideal situation/hopes

Question 29

translate:
Computers are convenient for working.

Answer 29

コンピュータは仕事をするのに便利です。

Question 30

translate:
I use chopsticks (for the purpose) to eat.

Answer 30

ご飯を食べるのにお箸を使う