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Alimentary > General facts 4 > Flashcards

General facts 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 drugs which can be used to treat acute vomiting in small animals?

A 
cimetidine
maropitant 
metaclopramide 
ondansetron 
phenothiazine
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2
Q

What are the two substances which activate the vomiting center?

A

serotonin

noradrenaline

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3
Q

What are the two main substances which activate the chemoreceptor trigger zone?

A

dopamine

histamine

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4
Q

In what three places are NK-1 receptors found?

A

vomiting centre
CRTZ
fundus of stomach

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5
Q

For what kind of emesis is maropitant good for?

A

cisplatin induced emesis

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6
Q

Does maropitant have antinausea affect?

A

yes

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7
Q

To be used for motion sickness, how many times normal dose does maropitant have to be given?

A

4

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8
Q

Is maropitant a kinetic?

A

no

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9
Q

What is metoclopramides mechanism of action?

A

dopamine and serotonin antagonist in CRTZ

serotonin agonist in GI tract

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10
Q

Can metoclopramide be used in horses and why?

A

no, because of its neurological side effects

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11
Q

Is metoclopramide a pro-motility drug?

A

yes

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12
Q

Can Ondansetron be used for motion sickness?

A

no

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13
Q

What kind of vomiting is Cimetidine used for?

A

chronic gastritis- vomiting associated with gastric ulcer

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14
Q

How long before travelling should maropitant be given to dogs to stop travel sickness?

A

2-10 hours

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15
Q

What are the two main drugs used as emetics?

A

Apomorphine

xylazine

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16
Q

What part of the brain does Apomorphine target?

A

CRTZ

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17
Q

Why do animals have to be monitored when given Apomorphine?

A

because it suppresses the respiratory CNS

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18
Q

To what animal is xylazine given to induce vomiting?

A

cats

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19
Q

What are the 7 drugs which can be used to treat gastric ulcers?

A 
Omeprazole 
Cimetidine 
Ranitidine 
Sucralfate
Bismuth salts 
MgOH/AlOH
Misoprostol
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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Omeprazole?

A

gastric acid secretory inhibitor

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21
Q

How often should Omeprazole be administered?

A

twice daily

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22
Q

In what situations is Omeprazole the drug of choice?

A

in actively bleeding gastric ulcers

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23
Q

Why should animals be weaned off Omeprazole if they have been on it for more than 4 weeks?

A

to prevent rebound hypergastrinaemia and gastric mucosa hyperplasia

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24
Q

Is Cimetidine a prokinetic?

A

no

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25
Q

In what situations is Cimetidine most appropriate?

A

in the recovery period of gastric ulcers

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26
Q

Is Cimetidine or Ranitidine a more potent H2 blocker?

A

Cimetidine

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27
Q

What is a disadvantage of Cimetidine over Ranitidine?

A

Cimetidine has to be given more frequently

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28
Q

Is Ranitidine a prokinetic?

A

yes

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29
Q

For animals with what disease should Ranitidine be used over Cimetidine and why?

A

liver disease, because Cimetidine needs metabolising by P450

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30
Q

What GI problem is Ranitidine useful for?

A

delayed gastric emptying

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31
Q

What does Sucralfate absorb?

A

bile acids

32
Q

What is the advantage of Sucralfate over Bismuth salt?

A

Sucralfate lasts longer

33
Q

What drug can be used for cattle with ruminal acidosis?

A

milk of magnesia

34
Q

Why are penicillins also given to cattle with ruminal acidosis?

A

to kill Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus

35
Q

What is Misoprostols mechanism of action?

A

PGE analogue

36
Q

In what situation is Misoprostols use appropriate?

A

to treat NSAID induced gastric ulcers

37
Q

What is the problem with clients administering Misoprostol?

A

it is abortigenic

38
Q

On what parts of the intestine do prokinetic drugs work best?

A

At the beginning and end

39
Q

What 4 prokinetic drugs can be used for delayed gastric emptying?

A

Cisapride
Metoclopramide
Erythromycin
Ranitidine

40
Q

Which prokinetic drug is the drug of choice for delayed gastric emptying?

A

cisapride

41
Q

What is Cisaprides mechanisms of action?

A

serotonin agonist

42
Q

What is an example of a situation where it is appropriate to use Cisapride?

A

recovery from GDV

43
Q

What is a common side effect of Erythomycin?

A

vomiting

44
Q

In what animals does Erythomycin not work?

A

cats

rabbits

45
Q

What is Sildenafil used to treat?

A

congenital megaoesophagus in dogs

46
Q

What drug is used in large animals to treat diarrhoea?

A

Buscopan

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Buscopan?

A

acetycholine antagonist

48
Q

What can Buscopan Compositum be used to treat in horses?

A

colic

49
Q

What can Buscopan be used for in cattle to treat?

A

LDA

50
Q

What additional substance does Buscopan Compositum contain in addition to Buscopan?

A

metamizole= NSAID

51
Q

What three drugs are used to treat antibody responsive diarrhoea?

A

Metronidazole
Tylosin
Oxytetracycline

52
Q

What drug can be used to treat colitis in dogs?

A

Sulphasalazine

53
Q

What is a side effect of Sulphasalazine?

A

dry eye

54
Q

What FFA provides 50% of energy to colonocytes?

A

butyrate

55
Q

Should you feed soluble or insoluble fibre to dogs with severe constipation?

A

soluble

56
Q

In what two situations is high fibre diet contraindicated?

A

EPI and pancreatitis

gastritis

57
Q

What should be given to cats with mild constipation?

A

liquid paraffin

58
Q

What should be given to cats with severe constipation?

A

lactulose

59
Q

What drug can be used to treat Feline idiopathoc megacolon?

A

cisapride

60
Q

What should be used to treat impaction in ruminants?

A

Magnesium sulphate

61
Q

What is a choleretic used?

A

ursodeoxycholic acid

62
Q

In what situation should a choleretic not be used?

A

when there is complete obstruction

63
Q

What can ursodeoxycholic acid be used for in cats?

A

to treat cholangitis

64
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Spironolactone?

A

aldosterone antagonist

65
Q

Should antioxidants be used in animals to treat portosystemic shunts?

A

no

66
Q

What are three examples of antioxidants?

A

SAM-e
Vitamin E
Silybin

67
Q

For what three conditions is the use of antioxidants particularly effective?

A

hepatic lipidosis
toxic hepatitis
biliary stasis

68
Q

For what disease is Vitamin E recommended?

A

copper storage disease

69
Q

What diets particularly are too high in copper?

A

raw meat diets for dogs

70
Q

What are two copper chelators used?

A

Penicillamine

2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride

71
Q

In what situation is 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride useful?

A

for acute copper toxicosis

72
Q

In the long term, what can be used to prevent copper toxicity?

A

Zinc acetate

73
Q

When should antibiotics be used?

A

when biliary tract infection is suspected

74
Q

Which 4 antibiotics could be used for biliary tract infection?

A

Amoxycillin
Cephalexin
Metronidazole
Neomycin

75
Q

Which 4 antibiotics should be avoided for biliary tract infection?

A

tetracycline
potentiated sulfonamides
erythromycin
chloramphenicol

76
Q

What antibiotic should be used to treat leptospirosis?

A

doxycycline

Alimentary (4 decks)

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