General facts 4 Flashcards by Susannah Simpson

What are the 5 drugs which can be used to treat acute vomiting in small animals?

cimetidine
maropitant 
metaclopramide 
ondansetron 
phenothiazine

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What are the two substances which activate the vomiting center?

serotonin

noradrenaline

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What are the two main substances which activate the chemoreceptor trigger zone?

dopamine

histamine

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In what three places are NK-1 receptors found?

vomiting centre
CRTZ
fundus of stomach

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For what kind of emesis is maropitant good for?

cisplatin induced emesis

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Does maropitant have antinausea affect?

yes

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To be used for motion sickness, how many times normal dose does maropitant have to be given?

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Is maropitant a kinetic?

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What is metoclopramides mechanism of action?

dopamine and serotonin antagonist in CRTZ

serotonin agonist in GI tract

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Can metoclopramide be used in horses and why?

no, because of its neurological side effects

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Is metoclopramide a pro-motility drug?

yes

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Can Ondansetron be used for motion sickness?

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What kind of vomiting is Cimetidine used for?

chronic gastritis- vomiting associated with gastric ulcer

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How long before travelling should maropitant be given to dogs to stop travel sickness?

2-10 hours

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What are the two main drugs used as emetics?

Apomorphine

xylazine

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What part of the brain does Apomorphine target?

CRTZ

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Why do animals have to be monitored when given Apomorphine?

because it suppresses the respiratory CNS

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To what animal is xylazine given to induce vomiting?

cats

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What are the 7 drugs which can be used to treat gastric ulcers?

Omeprazole 
Cimetidine 
Ranitidine 
Sucralfate
Bismuth salts 
MgOH/AlOH
Misoprostol

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What is the mechanism of action of Omeprazole?

gastric acid secretory inhibitor

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How often should Omeprazole be administered?

twice daily

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In what situations is Omeprazole the drug of choice?

in actively bleeding gastric ulcers

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Why should animals be weaned off Omeprazole if they have been on it for more than 4 weeks?

to prevent rebound hypergastrinaemia and gastric mucosa hyperplasia

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Is Cimetidine a prokinetic?

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In what situations is Cimetidine most appropriate?

in the recovery period of gastric ulcers

Is Cimetidine or Ranitidine a more potent H2 blocker?

Cimetidine

What is a disadvantage of Cimetidine over Ranitidine?

Cimetidine has to be given more frequently

Is Ranitidine a prokinetic?

yes

For animals with what disease should Ranitidine be used over Cimetidine and why?

liver disease, because Cimetidine needs metabolising by P450

What GI problem is Ranitidine useful for?

delayed gastric emptying

What does Sucralfate absorb?

bile acids

What is the advantage of Sucralfate over Bismuth salt?

Sucralfate lasts longer

What drug can be used for cattle with ruminal acidosis?

milk of magnesia

Why are penicillins also given to cattle with ruminal acidosis?

to kill Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus

What is Misoprostols mechanism of action?

PGE analogue

In what situation is Misoprostols use appropriate?

to treat NSAID induced gastric ulcers

What is the problem with clients administering Misoprostol?

it is abortigenic

On what parts of the intestine do prokinetic drugs work best?

At the beginning and end

What 4 prokinetic drugs can be used for delayed gastric emptying?

Cisapride Metoclopramide Erythromycin Ranitidine

Which prokinetic drug is the drug of choice for delayed gastric emptying?

cisapride

What is Cisaprides mechanisms of action?

serotonin agonist

What is an example of a situation where it is appropriate to use Cisapride?

recovery from GDV

What is a common side effect of Erythomycin?

vomiting

In what animals does Erythomycin not work?

cats | rabbits

What is Sildenafil used to treat?

congenital megaoesophagus in dogs

What drug is used in large animals to treat diarrhoea?

Buscopan

What is the mechanism of action of Buscopan?

acetycholine antagonist

What can Buscopan Compositum be used to treat in horses?

colic

What can Buscopan be used for in cattle to treat?

LDA

What additional substance does Buscopan Compositum contain in addition to Buscopan?

metamizole= NSAID

What three drugs are used to treat antibody responsive diarrhoea?

Metronidazole Tylosin Oxytetracycline

What drug can be used to treat colitis in dogs?

Sulphasalazine

What is a side effect of Sulphasalazine?

dry eye

What FFA provides 50% of energy to colonocytes?

butyrate

Should you feed soluble or insoluble fibre to dogs with severe constipation?

soluble

In what two situations is high fibre diet contraindicated?

EPI and pancreatitis | gastritis

What should be given to cats with mild constipation?

liquid paraffin

What should be given to cats with severe constipation?

lactulose

What drug can be used to treat Feline idiopathoc megacolon?

cisapride

What should be used to treat impaction in ruminants?

Magnesium sulphate

What is a choleretic used?

ursodeoxycholic acid

In what situation should a choleretic not be used?

when there is complete obstruction

What can ursodeoxycholic acid be used for in cats?

to treat cholangitis

What is the mechanism of action of Spironolactone?

aldosterone antagonist

Should antioxidants be used in animals to treat portosystemic shunts?

What are three examples of antioxidants?

SAM-e Vitamin E Silybin

For what three conditions is the use of antioxidants particularly effective?

hepatic lipidosis toxic hepatitis biliary stasis

For what disease is Vitamin E recommended?

copper storage disease

What diets particularly are too high in copper?

raw meat diets for dogs

What are two copper chelators used?

Penicillamine | 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride

In what situation is 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride useful?

for acute copper toxicosis

In the long term, what can be used to prevent copper toxicity?

Zinc acetate

When should antibiotics be used?

when biliary tract infection is suspected

Which 4 antibiotics could be used for biliary tract infection?

Amoxycillin Cephalexin Metronidazole Neomycin

Which 4 antibiotics should be avoided for biliary tract infection?

tetracycline potentiated sulfonamides erythromycin chloramphenicol

What antibiotic should be used to treat leptospirosis?

doxycycline