GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flashcards
Area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism.
Parasitology
Concerned primarily with parasites of human and their medical significance.
Medical Parasitology
Branch of Medicine that deals with tropical diseases in tropica region
Tropical Medicine
T or F
Many tropical diseases are parasitic diseases.
True
It is the living together of unlike organisms.
Symbiosis
What are the different symbiotic relationships?
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits from the others without harming it.
Commensalism
Example of microorganism that has Commensalism relationship.
Entamoeba coli
A symbiotic relationship in which both parties benefit from one another.
Mutualism.
Exzmple of mutualism relationships
Bees and flowers
Termites and flagellates
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the other while harming it.
Parasitism
Example of parasitism
Entamoeba histolytica (cause amebic dysentery)
Parasites is/are often described based on?
A. Genus
B. Habitat
C. Mode of development
D. Colors and shape
B and C
A parasite living inside the body of the host.
Endoparasite
Parasite living outside the boss of the host.
Ectoparasite
The presence of endoparasite in a host is called.
Infection
The presence of ectoparasite inside the host is called…
Infestation
T or F
A parasite is considered erratic when it is found in an organ, which is its usual habitat.
False- not usual habitat
A parasite that need host in order to survive.
Obligate parasite.
T or F
Is tapeworm an obligate parasite?
True
A parasite may exist in a free-living state or become parasitic when needed.
Facultative parasites
A parasite established itself where it is not ordinary live.
Accidental/incidental parasite.
A parasite that remains on or inside the body of host dor its entire life.
Permanent parasite.
A parasite live only for a short perion of time in the host
Temporary parasite
A free-living organism that passes through the Digestive tract without infecting the host.
Spurious parasite
It is where most parasites live.
Host
A host in which the parasites attain sexual maturity.
Definitve/ final host
A host that harbors the asexual or larva stage of parasites.
Intermediate host
Pigs/cattle serve as intermediate host in what species of parasites?
A. Ascaris spp.
B. Trichimonas spp.
C. Schistosima spp.
D. Taenia spp.
D.
Snails are hosts of what species?
Schistosoma spp.
A host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stage.
Paratenic host
T or F
Wild Boar is a paratenic host of Paragonimus metacercaria .
True
This host is important because it widen the parasite distribution and bridge ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate host.
Paratenic host
This host allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become an additional source of human infection.
Resevoir host
Pigs are reservoirs of Balatindium coli. While field rats and cats are reservoirs of…
Field rats= Paragonimus westermani
Cats= Brugia malayi
T or F
Human hosts are not always the final host. But it is the most important host in the spread of diseases.
Both are True
Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another
Vectors
Two types of vectors.
Biological vectors
Mechanical/phoretic vectors
This vector transmits only the parasite when the latter is fully developed inside the host.
Biological vectors
A vector that only tranfer the parasite.
Mechanical vectors
Most common mechanical vectors.
Flies and cockroaches
T or F
Majority of the parasites are pathogens.
True
It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.
Carriers
The process of inoculating an infective agent.
Exposure.
It connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host.
A. infestation
B. Inoculation
C. Infection
D. mutation
C
Period between infection and evidence of symptoms.
Incubation period
Other name of incubation period
Clinical incubation period
Other term of pre-patent period
Biologic incubation period
It is a period between infection/ acquisition of parasites and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Biological incubation period
Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
Autoinfection
T or F
Enterobiasis can be source of autoinfection.
True- hand-to-mouth transmission
The infected individual is further infected with the same species, leading to massive infection.
Superinfection/ hyperinfection
What is/are the most common sources of infection.
Contaminated soil and water.
Lack of sanitary toilet and used of night soil as fertilizer allow the eggs of ___ to contaminate soil.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm
Which organism/s can contaminate water.
A. Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma species, and Taenia saginata
B. Amebiasis, Schistosomiasis
C. Ascaris, toxomiasis, leishmaniasis
D. Ascaris, amebiasis, Taenia
B.
Source of infection thay usually contaminated with trematode and cestode.
Food
Bullastra snail are associated with …
Artyfechinostomum malayanum
It can cause several intestinal and liver fluke.
Undercooked/ raw fresh water fish
Vectors and species that cause Chagas disease
Triatoma Bugs
- Trypanasoma cruzi
Vectors of Leishmaniasis.
(Sand flies) Phlebotomus spp.
Direct source of taxoplasma
Cats
Aside from water, soil, and food, what are the other sources of infection?
-another person
- beddings and clothing
-immediate environment
- autoinfection
Most common portal of entry of infection.
Mouth
The majority of infections with cestodes, trematodes, and intestinal protozoan are _____
A. waterborne
B. Foodborne
C. Airborne
D. Bloodborne
B.
Which group are foodborne parasites?
A. Taenia saginata, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica
B. Taenia saginata, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica
C. Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japunicum, Taenia saginata
D. Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum
D
What species of parasites can we get in drinking contaminated water?
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
What parasite can we possibly get when ingesting raw freshwater fish?
Clonorchis
Opisorchis
Haplorchis
Parasites throuh skin penetration
Hookworms and Strongyloides (soil)
Schistosoma spp. (Water)
Which agent/s came from the arthropod’s bite?
A. Malaria
B. Filariasis
C. Leismaniasis
D. Trypanosomiasis
All answers are correct
Example of Congenital transmission
Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy.
Examples of parasites that can tranfer through the mother’s milk of a mammal.
Anyclostoma
Strongyloides
Mode of transmission: parasites
Inhalation:
Sexual intercourse:
Inhalation: eggs of enterobius
Sexual intercourse: Trichimonas vaginalis
What are the modes of transmission?
Mouth
Skin penetration
Arthropod’s bite
Congenital transmission
Inhalation
Sexual intercourse
Family name of parasites ends with ____.
-idae
T or F
Parasites don’t need to adapt the environment of the host to survive.
False
T or F
Most parasitic organisms attain sexual maturity in reservoir host
False- definitive host
T or F
The larva stage of parasites may pass through different stages before it reaches to final host.
True
T or F
The more complex the cycle, the lower the survival rate of parasites.
True
How do the parasites survive inside the host?
Parasite must adapt to protect itself from host’s defenses and external environment.
Study of pattern, distribution, occurrence of diseases.
Epidemiology
Number of new cases of infected in a population in a certain period of time
Incidence
The number of individuals in population is estimated to be infected with particular parasites
Prevalence
Percentage of individual in population infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative prevalence
Refers to the burden of infection which related to the jumber of worms per infected person.
Intensity of infection
Clinical consequences of infections that affect an individual well-being refers to…
Morbidity
The use of anthelminthic drugs to kill prasites in individual or public health programs.
Deworming
Refers to the no. Of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on the stool after deworming.
Cure rate
Percentage fall in egg counts after deworming.
Egg reduction rate
Indivudual-level deworming with selection of treatment based on diagnosis of infection.
Selective treatment
A group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated may be define by age, sex, etc.
Targeted treatment
Population-level deworming in which community is treated irrespective with age, sex, infectious status.
Universal treatment
A regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs.
Preventative chemotherapy
What is the aim of preventive chemotherapy?
Reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminths infections.
Refers to the targeted population of the interventions.
Coverage
Effect of drugs against an infective agent.
Efficacy
Measure of the effect of drugs against an infective agent.
Effectiveness.
T or F
Effectiveness is usually measured by means qualitative and quantitative.
True
Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.
Drug resistance
Avoidance of illness cause by infection.
Morbidity control
Health reduction strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practice.
Environmental-education-communication
Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modificstion and manipulation of environmental factors.
Environmental management
Involves interactions to reduce environmental health risk including the safe disposal and hygenic management of human and animal excreta.
Environmental sanitation
Provision to access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta and safe drinking water.
Sanitation
Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection.
Disease eradication
Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease. Continued intervention are still required.
Disease elimination
