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CLIPAR (LEC) > GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS > Flashcards

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Concerned primarily with parasites of human and their medical significance.

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Branch of Medicine that deals with tropical diseases in tropica region

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

T or F
Many tropical diseases are parasitic diseases.

A

True

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5
Q

It is the living together of unlike organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

What are the different symbiotic relationships?

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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7
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits from the others without harming it.

A

Commensalism

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8
Q

Example of microorganism that has Commensalism relationship.

A

Entamoeba coli

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9
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which both parties benefit from one another.

A

Mutualism.

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10
Q

Exzmple of mutualism relationships

A

Bees and flowers
Termites and flagellates

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11
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the other while harming it.

A

Parasitism

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12
Q

Example of parasitism

A

Entamoeba histolytica (cause amebic dysentery)

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13
Q

Parasites is/are often described based on?
A. Genus
B. Habitat
C. Mode of development
D. Colors and shape

A

B and C

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14
Q

A parasite living inside the body of the host.

A

Endoparasite

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15
Q

Parasite living outside the boss of the host.

A

Ectoparasite

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16
Q

The presence of endoparasite in a host is called.

A

Infection

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17
Q

The presence of ectoparasite inside the host is called…

A

Infestation

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18
Q

T or F
A parasite is considered erratic when it is found in an organ, which is its usual habitat.

A

False- not usual habitat

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19
Q

A parasite that need host in order to survive.

A

Obligate parasite.

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20
Q

T or F
Is tapeworm an obligate parasite?

A

True

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21
Q

A parasite may exist in a free-living state or become parasitic when needed.

A

Facultative parasites

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22
Q

A parasite established itself where it is not ordinary live.

A

Accidental/incidental parasite.

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23
Q

A parasite that remains on or inside the body of host dor its entire life.

A

Permanent parasite.

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24
Q

A parasite live only for a short perion of time in the host

A

Temporary parasite

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25
Q

A free-living organism that passes through the Digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

Spurious parasite

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26
Q

It is where most parasites live.

A

Host

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27
Q

A host in which the parasites attain sexual maturity.

A

Definitve/ final host

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28
Q

A host that harbors the asexual or larva stage of parasites.

A

Intermediate host

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29
Q

Pigs/cattle serve as intermediate host in what species of parasites?
A. Ascaris spp.
B. Trichimonas spp.
C. Schistosima spp.
D. Taenia spp.

A

D.

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30
Q

Snails are hosts of what species?

A

Schistosoma spp.

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31
Q

A host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stage.

A

Paratenic host

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32
Q

T or F
Wild Boar is a paratenic host of Paragonimus metacercaria .

A

True

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33
Q

This host is important because it widen the parasite distribution and bridge ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate host.

A

Paratenic host

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34
Q

This host allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become an additional source of human infection.

A

Resevoir host

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35
Q

Pigs are reservoirs of Balatindium coli. While field rats and cats are reservoirs of…

A

Field rats= Paragonimus westermani
Cats= Brugia malayi

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36
Q

T or F
Human hosts are not always the final host. But it is the most important host in the spread of diseases.

A

Both are True

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37
Q

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vectors

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38
Q

Two types of vectors.

A

Biological vectors
Mechanical/phoretic vectors

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39
Q

This vector transmits only the parasite when the latter is fully developed inside the host.

A

Biological vectors

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40
Q

A vector that only tranfer the parasite.

A

Mechanical vectors

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41
Q

Most common mechanical vectors.

A

Flies and cockroaches

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42
Q

T or F
Majority of the parasites are pathogens.

A

True

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43
Q

It harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.

A

Carriers

44
Q

The process of inoculating an infective agent.

A

Exposure.

45
Q

It connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host.
A. infestation
B. Inoculation
C. Infection
D. mutation

A

C

46
Q

Period between infection and evidence of symptoms.

A

Incubation period

47
Q

Other name of incubation period

A

Clinical incubation period

48
Q

Other term of pre-patent period

A

Biologic incubation period

49
Q

It is a period between infection/ acquisition of parasites and evidence or demonstration of infection.

A

Biological incubation period

50
Q

Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

A

Autoinfection

51
Q

T or F
Enterobiasis can be source of autoinfection.

A

True- hand-to-mouth transmission

52
Q

The infected individual is further infected with the same species, leading to massive infection.

A

Superinfection/ hyperinfection

53
Q

What is/are the most common sources of infection.

A

Contaminated soil and water.

54
Q

Lack of sanitary toilet and used of night soil as fertilizer allow the eggs of ___ to contaminate soil.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworm

55
Q

Which organism/s can contaminate water.
A. Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma species, and Taenia saginata
B. Amebiasis, Schistosomiasis
C. Ascaris, toxomiasis, leishmaniasis
D. Ascaris, amebiasis, Taenia

A

B.

56
Q

Source of infection thay usually contaminated with trematode and cestode.

A

Food

57
Q

Bullastra snail are associated with …

A

Artyfechinostomum malayanum

58
Q

It can cause several intestinal and liver fluke.

A

Undercooked/ raw fresh water fish

59
Q

Vectors and species that cause Chagas disease

A

Triatoma Bugs
- Trypanasoma cruzi

60
Q

Vectors of Leishmaniasis.

A

(Sand flies) Phlebotomus spp.

61
Q

Direct source of taxoplasma

A

Cats

62
Q

Aside from water, soil, and food, what are the other sources of infection?

A

-another person
- beddings and clothing
-immediate environment
- autoinfection

63
Q

Most common portal of entry of infection.

A

Mouth

64
Q

The majority of infections with cestodes, trematodes, and intestinal protozoan are _____
A. waterborne
B. Foodborne
C. Airborne
D. Bloodborne

A

B.

65
Q

Which group are foodborne parasites?
A. Taenia saginata, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica
B. Taenia saginata, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica
C. Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japunicum, Taenia saginata
D. Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum

A

D

66
Q

What species of parasites can we get in drinking contaminated water?

A

Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica

67
Q

What parasite can we possibly get when ingesting raw freshwater fish?

A

Clonorchis
Opisorchis
Haplorchis

68
Q

Parasites throuh skin penetration

A

Hookworms and Strongyloides (soil)
Schistosoma spp. (Water)

69
Q

Which agent/s came from the arthropod’s bite?
A. Malaria
B. Filariasis
C. Leismaniasis
D. Trypanosomiasis

A

All answers are correct

70
Q

Example of Congenital transmission

A

Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy.

71
Q

Examples of parasites that can tranfer through the mother’s milk of a mammal.

A

Anyclostoma
Strongyloides

72
Q

Mode of transmission: parasites
Inhalation:
Sexual intercourse:

A

Inhalation: eggs of enterobius
Sexual intercourse: Trichimonas vaginalis

73
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Mouth
Skin penetration
Arthropod’s bite
Congenital transmission
Inhalation
Sexual intercourse

74
Q

Family name of parasites ends with ____.

A

-idae

75
Q

T or F
Parasites don’t need to adapt the environment of the host to survive.

A

False

76
Q

T or F
Most parasitic organisms attain sexual maturity in reservoir host

A

False- definitive host

77
Q

T or F
The larva stage of parasites may pass through different stages before it reaches to final host.

A

True

78
Q

T or F
The more complex the cycle, the lower the survival rate of parasites.

A

True

79
Q

How do the parasites survive inside the host?

A

Parasite must adapt to protect itself from host’s defenses and external environment.

80
Q

Study of pattern, distribution, occurrence of diseases.

A

Epidemiology

81
Q

Number of new cases of infected in a population in a certain period of time

A

Incidence

82
Q

The number of individuals in population is estimated to be infected with particular parasites

A

Prevalence

83
Q

Percentage of individual in population infected with at least one parasite.

A

Cumulative prevalence

84
Q

Refers to the burden of infection which related to the jumber of worms per infected person.

A

Intensity of infection

85
Q

Clinical consequences of infections that affect an individual well-being refers to…

A

Morbidity

86
Q

The use of anthelminthic drugs to kill prasites in individual or public health programs.

A

Deworming

87
Q

Refers to the no. Of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on the stool after deworming.

A

Cure rate

88
Q

Percentage fall in egg counts after deworming.

A

Egg reduction rate

89
Q

Indivudual-level deworming with selection of treatment based on diagnosis of infection.

A

Selective treatment

90
Q

A group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated may be define by age, sex, etc.

A

Targeted treatment

91
Q

Population-level deworming in which community is treated irrespective with age, sex, infectious status.

A

Universal treatment

92
Q

A regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs.

A

Preventative chemotherapy

93
Q

What is the aim of preventive chemotherapy?

A

Reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminths infections.

94
Q

Refers to the targeted population of the interventions.

A

Coverage

95
Q

Effect of drugs against an infective agent.

A

Efficacy

96
Q

Measure of the effect of drugs against an infective agent.

A

Effectiveness.

97
Q

T or F
Effectiveness is usually measured by means qualitative and quantitative.

A

True

98
Q

Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.

A

Drug resistance

99
Q

Avoidance of illness cause by infection.

A

Morbidity control

100
Q

Health reduction strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practice.

A

Environmental-education-communication

101
Q

Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modificstion and manipulation of environmental factors.

A

Environmental management

102
Q

Involves interactions to reduce environmental health risk including the safe disposal and hygenic management of human and animal excreta.

A

Environmental sanitation

103
Q

Provision to access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta and safe drinking water.

A

Sanitation

104
Q

Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection.

A

Disease eradication

105
Q

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease. Continued intervention are still required.

A

Disease elimination

CLIPAR (LEC) (8 decks)

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