General Chemistry Flashcards
What molecules are soluble in aqueous solution?
- Alkali metals
- Ammonium
- Chlorate ClO3-, perchlorate ClO42-, nitrate, and acetate
- Cl-, Br-, I- (not Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+)
- SO42- (not Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+, Hg(II)(III), Ca2+, Ag2+)
- Alkali hydrides and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2
- S2- group IA and IIA
- Not SO32-, CO32-, CrO42-, PO43- (except NH4+ and Grp IA)
What is the ionization constant?
Ka=[H+][A-]/[HA]
How do you find the pH of a buffer solution?
pH=pKa+log[A-]/[HA]
What is the principle quantum number?
n, which tells us the energy level of the shells. As we get further away from the nucleus, there is an increase in E.
What is the Azimuthal number?
L, which tells us the shells or angular orbital shape. s, p, d, and f. 4l+2=electrons.
What is the magnetic quantum number?
M (sub L), which tells us how many electrons are in each orbital. No more than 2 per. -L to L, including zero.
What is the spin quantum number?
-1/2 and +1/2.
How do you determine the E level of an electron configuration?
E=n+L
How do you determine the energy emitted from an electron?
E=hf (h planck’s constant and f frequency). Note: c/wavelength=f.
When an electron is excited from ground state to an excited state, is energy absorbed or emitted?
Energy is absorbed.
In chemistry, the dipole arrow points from +–>- or - –> +?
The equation?
+—->-
u=qr q-colombs
An strong acid and a strong base react, what happens?
Neutralization rxn, which produces H2O and a salt.
What is acetate, cyanide, permanganate, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, chromate, dichromate, peroxide, thiocyanide, and thiosulfate?
CH3COO-, CN-, MnO4-, NH3-, ClO3-, SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-, O22-, SCN-, and S2O32-
What are the bonding electrons?
Valence electrons
Exceptions of the octet rule
beyond period 3. They have d orbitals.
Coordinate covalent bond
When the electrons come from one atom
What atom goes in the center in bonding?
The least electronegative atom (not H).
What are the van der Waals interactions?
London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
Avogadro’s number
6.02x10^23 neutrons and protons to equal X g.
Types of chemical reactions
Combination rxn, decomposition rxn, single-displacement rxn (redox), and double-displacement rxn (metathesis)
What is the energy barrier for a reaction to proceed?
Activation energy (Ea)
What is the equilibrium constant?
Kc=[Products]^P/[Reactants]^R. Solids and liquids to not appear.
Le Chatlier’s Principle
Equilibrium will shift when stressor is given to system. Temperature, pressure, volume, or concentration.
How does temperature change equilibrium constants?
In exothermic reactions, think of heat as a product. Endothermic reactions, think of it as a reactant.
