Concept 7: Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors on behavior and behavior change Flashcards
1
Q
Important aspects of the frontal lobe
A
motor, prefrontal cortex, and broca’s area
2
Q
Important aspects of the parietal lobe
A
somatosensory, spacial processing
3
Q
Important aspects of the occipital lobe
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Vision and the “striated cortex”
4
Q
Important aspects of the temporal lobe
A
Auditory processing and Wernicke’s area
5
Q
What are the parts of the “old brain”? Key responsibilities
A
Medulla and pons. HR, breathing, and crossover point
6
Q
The reticular formation in the brainstem
A
Soma of nerves scattered in the brainstem. Important for autonomic and higher thinking. The filter before the information is sent to the thalamus (thalamus is the relay station). Also responsible for being aware and alert due to releasing glutamate.
7
Q
Thalamus is responsible for:
A
the relay station, sensory functions, and higher thinking
8
Q
Cerebellum key points
A
Coordinated voluntary movement:
1) Motor plan from cerebrum
2) Position sense information
3) Feedback to motor area in cerebrum
9
Q
What are long tracts?
A
carry information from spinal cord cerebrum
10
Q
Subcortical cerebrum structures
A
Internal capsule, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus
11
Q
Basal ganglia function
A
motor functions, cognition, and emotion.
12
Q
Hypothalamus function
A
link between endocrine and nervous system
13
Q
General function of each cerebral hemisphere
A
left side is language and right is attention
14
Q
Ach is sent from what two nuclei
A
Basalis and septral to cerebral cortex
15
Q
Histamine is sent from
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the hypothalamus
16
Q
Norepinephrine is sent from
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locus cueruleus by pons
17
Q
Serotonin is sent from
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raphe from brainstem to all regions
18
Q
Dopamine is released by the
A
ventral tegmental system. also hypothalamus to the pituitary
19
Q
Three types of hormones
A
peptide/protein, steroid, and tyrosine derivatives (thyroid and catecholamines)
20
Q
Endocrine glands
A
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, gonads, pancreas (on its own)
21
Q
In major motor development, how would one see this occur?
A
Simplest to complex movements and from head to toe.
22
Q
Ethology
A
study of animal behavior in the natural environment
23
Q
innate behavior
A
genetically programmed. inherited, intrinsic (environment wont change it), stereotypic, inflexible, and consummate (fully developed immediately)
24
Q
Learned bahvior
A
from experience. non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, and progressive
25
Temperment
something done before exposed to an environment and persists through life-time.
26
Heritability
variation in phenotypic traits is due to genetic variation
27
Physiological needs
innate and in order to survive
28
Psychological needs
mental health needs
29
Learned needs
experiences that heavily influence your life
30
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. physiological 2. safety 3. love/belongings 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
31
extrinsic motivation
external factors
32
intrinsic motivation
what comes from within
33
Evolutionary approach to motivation
instincts
34
Drive-reduction theory to motivation
maintain homeostasis. drive to reduce needs
35
full arousal theory to motivation
people want to reach maximal stimulus
36
cognitive approach to motivation
rational/decision making ability
37
Incentive theory to motivation
positive reward after action. immediate and tangible is better
38
Behavior compliance
acts a particular way but does not change their mind/attitude in conjunction with that behavior
39
Operant conditioning
learned process where behavior is controlled by negative consequences
40
Components of attitude: ABC model
Attitude (learned tendency)
1) affective (emotion)
2) behavioral (action)
3) cognitive (belief)
41
Theory of planned behavior
implications influence intentions (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control)
42
attitude to behavioral process model
events --> attitude and knowledge = behavior
43
Prototype willingness model (PWM)
behavior is a function of 6 things.
| Past behavior, attitude, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, and prototype (models)
44
ELM: Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
Why and how? 1) Central root-->quality
| 2) peripheral root-->attractiveness of persuader
45
two ideas how behavior can influence attitude
foot in the door and role playing
46
Situational approach
external/internal factors attribute to behavior. Consistency (probably internal), distinctiveness, and consensus (latter two are situational).
47
Attribution
process of explaining events or behaviors.
48
Psychoanalytical theory of personality
Freud. Study of subjective mental activities. "Deterministic": Unconscious determines behavior. Fixation of libido at certain point in development affects personality. Id, ego, superego.
49
Libido
natural energy source that fuels the mind
50
Id (it)
develops right after birth. immediate needs. Freud had the drive and death drive (eros and thanatos)
51
Ego (I)
long-term gratification
52
super-ego (above I)
moral development starting at 4 years old. Ideal self
53
humanistic theory of personality
Manslow. Conscious leads to behavior. Individuals have active free will to find self-realization. Also, Rogers believed that humans reached self-actualization in growth promoting environment (acceptance) and must be genuine.
54
Biological theory of personality
Important components of personality are inherited.
55
Social cognitive theory of personality
People observe others and use that to learn their behavior
56
Traditionalism
Degree to which a person follows authority
57
Behavioral theory of personality
Looks at measurable behaviors. Interaction of individual and the environment
58
Operant conditioning
(Skinner) Rewards/punishments to produce or reduce a behavior
59
Classical conditioning
(Pavlov) neutral stimulus + unconditional stimulus gives an involuntary response
60
unconditioned stimulus
is an innate response to a stimulus
61
What three components are part of Piaget's cognitive theory?
1. Schemas
2. adaptation (assimilation and accommodation)
3. Development (the four stages)
62
Trait theory
Personality defined by patterns of behavior.
63
What is a trait?
a stable characteristic
64
Gordon Allport's work on the trait theory
1. Cardinal traits
2. Central traits
3. Secondary traits
65
Cattell's work on trait theory
16 essential personality traits that we all possess
66
Eysenck's contribution to trait theory
3 major dimensions
1. extraversion
2. neuroticism
3. psychoticism
67
The big 5 on trait theory
1. openness
2. consciousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism
OCEAN
68
Observational Learning
Bobo doll experiment. Learning-performance distinction
69
Bandura's Social Cognitive (Learning) Theory
Am I motivated? Attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.
70
Defense mechanisms
1. Pathological- denial
2. Immature- projection, passive agressive- not do something to express frustration
3. Neurotic
71
Freud's pleasure principle
Id-immature and immediate gratification
72
Freud's reality principle
Ego-mature and have to wait for gratification
73
Drive (Freud)
a drive for life (eros)
74
Death Drive (Freud)
fear, anger etc. can be towards self and others. Thanatos.
75
Parts wrong with OCD
orbitofrontal cortex (sensory), cingulate gyrus (emotion), basal ganglia (movement, thinking, judgement), and caudate nucleus (filter)
76
Cognitive behavioral therapy
restructure maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to give a more effective way to manage stress in the future.
77
What structures are in PTSD?
Amygdala (fight or flight), hippocampus (LTM), prefrontal cortex (complex thinking), hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis (release stress hormones).
78
Dose-response relationship with PTSD
the proximity, time, and severity of the stimulus can contribute to developing PTSD.
79
Biomedical approach to mental disorders
focus on the biological (physical) abnormalities
80
Biopsychosocial approach to mental disorders
includes the biological, psychological, and social aspects of mental disorders
81
What is somatic symptoms and related disorders
a physical sign/symptom from a psychological problem.
82
Dissociative disorder
personality disorders (multiple or forgot)
83
Personality disorder
distress due to personality problems from non-accepted behavior
84
Paraphilic disorder
sexual arousal from weird objects. must be harmful or dangerous.
85
Schizophrenia
Genetic and environmental (neurodevelopmental). Cognitive, negative, and positive symptoms. Over active dopamine (VTA--mesocorticolimbic)
86
What structures are affected in schizophrenia?
frontal and temporal cortex. Thinner.
87
Depression
"Hopelessness". Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors (Biopsychosocial model).
88
Biology behind depression
Frontal lobe and limbic system. Decrease and increase activity. Increase stress hormones. Raphe (serotonin) and locus coerulus (norepinephrine), decreased receptors.
89
Neuroplasticity
Our brain can change synapses and neuron layout due to a response to a stimulus
90
Biopsychosocial model of depression
Biological factor: genes
Psychological factors: Learned helplessness, cognitive distortions, and attributions
Sociocultural/Environmental: co-ruminants/empathy, decreased socioeconomic status
91
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, Phobias, OCD, PTSD.
92
Dissociate identity disorder
multiple personalities, extremely rare
93
Somatic Symptom Disorder and other disorders
Mental disorder that manifests in a physical way. Factitious disorder, want to be sick or make someone sick.
94
Conversion Disorder
Neurological based, which is similar to somatic symptom, but different.
95
Personality Disorder
10 types with 3 main categories:
Odd/eccentric: Schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid
Dramatic/erratic: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Anxious/fearful: Avoidant, dependent, OCPD (in control!!)
96
Substance use disorder
The use of the substance has to impair daily life and cause a problem.
97
Biological basis of Parkinson's
Motor abnormalities and cognitive abnormalities
| Substantia nigra in the basal ganglia, no dopamanergic neurons. Lewy bodies form.
98
Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Extreme emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). Bipolar I is mania and depression. Bipolar II is hypomania and depression.
99
Alzheimer's Disease
Genetics and Age related factors. Find more on this.
100
Conformity
Peer pressure.
101
Informative influence
Conformity in that you assume the group is right and you don't know about the decision.
102
Normative influence
Conformity in that you conform to the group's incorrect answer even though you know the correct answer. There is public: superficial agreement; and private: change opinions and beliefs to agree.
103
Group polarization
conformational bias where a group is surrounded by people who strengthen their own opinions.
104
Group think
maintaining group harmony is more important than carefully analyzing the problem. "unity".
105
Obedience
following authority and orders without thinking why
106
Compliance
Conformity in that you avoid punishment or gain reward.
107
Identification
Conformity in that you act or pretend to be a particular way to be like "them".
108
Internalization
Conformity in that we integrate into our thoughts and beliefs
109
Asch Line Experiment
Showed that the majority of people will select the wrong answer when others select it as well.
110
Milgram Studies on Obedience
The teacher shocked the learner. Regular people will comply with authority figure even if it goes against their values.
111
Just world phenomenon
Justification for blaming others. People get what they deserve mentality.
112
Self Serving Bias
Take credit for positive events but blame external for negative events
113
Fundamental attribution error
Blame internal attributions on behavior rather than external behavior.
114
Zimbardo (Stanford) Prison experiment
Looking at social norms and conventions.
115
Situational attribution
act from external environment
116
Dispositional attribution
act from internal attributes
117
Bystander effect
number of people and willingness to help are inversely related
118
Diffusion of Responsibility theory
Feel less responsible when others are present--explains the bystander effect
119
Deindividualization
more likely to perform bad things in a crowd
120
Social facilitation
provides that the most dominant response will occur when there is an increase arousal (giving a presentation)
121
Social loafing
put less effort into task in group when individual effort is not evaluated.
122
Agents of socialization
What we learn what to do (norms and values). Family, school, peers, and mass media.
123
Folkways
Type of norm that has no punishment if you break it. "hold the door open for someone"
124
Mores
(mor-rays) norms that are based in morals/beliefs. Produce strong feelings
125
Laws
formal right and wrong with strong consequences.
126
Taboos
Never do! Extreme consequences. Very immoral behavior.
127
Deviance
alter from the norm. There is first degree (little consequences) and second degree (severe negative reaction).
128
Theory of differential association
learned behavior from continued exposure to deviant behavior
129
Labeling theory
a behavior is considered deviant once a group labels it as deviant
130
Strain theory
where society has pressured an individual to commit a crime (deviance) to maintain a goal
131
Collective behaviors
a rapid change in groups that deviate from the norm. Fads, mass hysteria, and riots.
132
Classical conditioning
Think pavlov's dog. Make a neutral stimulus a conditioned stimulus once you've made the unconditioned response respond to the neutral stimulus.
133
Operant conditioning
change behavior by using consequences. can have reinforcement/punishment and positive/negative.
134
Generalization to conditioned stimulus
same conditioned response to a similar stimuli
135
discrimination to conditioned stimulus
be able to tell the difference from different stimuli when having a conditioned response
136
extinction
loss of conditioned response over a period of time
137
Aversion control
escape and avoidance learning
138
Observational learning
people (kids with adults and bobo) learn from what they see.
139
non associative learning
does not contain reinforcement or punishment. Sensitization or habituation from stimulus.
140
Spontaneous recovery
sudden reappearance of the old conditioned response
141
shaping through operant conditioning
learning through successive, gradual reinforcements
142
Partial reinforcements
random scheduled reinforcement
| fixed-ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval
143
Innate behaviors
Simple: reflexes, taxis, kinesis. Complex: fixed action patterns, migration, and circadian rhythm.
144
Learned behaviors
Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and insight learning.
145
Persuasion--Message characteristics
How well the message is thought out. Is it well laid out?
146
Persuasion--Source characteristics
where info came from and the environment around the presenter
147
Persuasion--Target characteristics
What the listeners are like.
148
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Explain how attitudes are formed and how they're changed. If you process the information centrally, it is deeper in thought. Peripherally is superficial and less active of a listener.
149
Social Cognitive Theory--Reciprocal determinism
Cognition, environment, and behavior are all interconnected.
150
Locus of control
do we blame ourselves (we are under control), or do we blame others (lack of control)?
151
Tyranny of choice
having too many choices leads to a poorer outcome. Less satisfied with decision.
152
Self control
Desire can lead to temptation when it conflicts with your life goals.
153
Ego depletion
Self control is a limited resource and can be harmful if we deprive ourselves. Better thing to do is change environment, operant or classical conditioning.
154
incentive theory
our motivations are driven by external incentives
155
Archetypes
Images or symbols that have universal meanings across cultures.
156
Collective unconscious
the unconscious shared by individuals of the same species
157
Synchronicity
Carl Jung said that situations that are unrelated may have meaning.
158
May's Existentialism
Emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
159
Phenomenology
A philosophy based on intuitive experiences and on the premise that reality consists of objects and events as consciously perceived by conscious beings.
160
Roger's Person-Centered Therapy
They key to therapy: relationship between therapist and client is important to reach maximal gains. Therapist uses mirroring--therapist reflects thoughts of client.
161
Roger's Unconditional Positive Regard
Accept a person with no negative thoughts or prejudice. People in unconditional positive regard environment can reach self-actualization.
