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MCAT > Concept 7: Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors on behavior and behavior change > Flashcards

Concept 7: Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors on behavior and behavior change Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Important aspects of the frontal lobe

A

motor, prefrontal cortex, and broca’s area

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2
Q

Important aspects of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory, spacial processing

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3
Q

Important aspects of the occipital lobe

A

Vision and the “striated cortex”

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4
Q

Important aspects of the temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing and Wernicke’s area

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5
Q

What are the parts of the “old brain”? Key responsibilities

A

Medulla and pons. HR, breathing, and crossover point

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6
Q

The reticular formation in the brainstem

A

Soma of nerves scattered in the brainstem. Important for autonomic and higher thinking. The filter before the information is sent to the thalamus (thalamus is the relay station). Also responsible for being aware and alert due to releasing glutamate.

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7
Q

Thalamus is responsible for:

A

the relay station, sensory functions, and higher thinking

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8
Q

Cerebellum key points

A

Coordinated voluntary movement:

1) Motor plan from cerebrum
2) Position sense information
3) Feedback to motor area in cerebrum

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9
Q

What are long tracts?

A

carry information from spinal cord cerebrum

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10
Q

Subcortical cerebrum structures

A

Internal capsule, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

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11
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

motor functions, cognition, and emotion.

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12
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

link between endocrine and nervous system

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13
Q

General function of each cerebral hemisphere

A

left side is language and right is attention

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14
Q

Ach is sent from what two nuclei

A

Basalis and septral to cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Histamine is sent from

A

the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Norepinephrine is sent from

A

locus cueruleus by pons

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17
Q

Serotonin is sent from

A

raphe from brainstem to all regions

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18
Q

Dopamine is released by the

A

ventral tegmental system. also hypothalamus to the pituitary

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19
Q

Three types of hormones

A

peptide/protein, steroid, and tyrosine derivatives (thyroid and catecholamines)

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20
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, gonads, pancreas (on its own)

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21
Q

In major motor development, how would one see this occur?

A

Simplest to complex movements and from head to toe.

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22
Q

Ethology

A

study of animal behavior in the natural environment

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23
Q

innate behavior

A

genetically programmed. inherited, intrinsic (environment wont change it), stereotypic, inflexible, and consummate (fully developed immediately)

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24
Q

Learned bahvior

A

from experience. non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, and progressive

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25
Q

Temperment

A

something done before exposed to an environment and persists through life-time.

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26
Q

Heritability

A

variation in phenotypic traits is due to genetic variation

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27
Q

Physiological needs

A

innate and in order to survive

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28
Q

Psychological needs

A

mental health needs

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29
Q

Learned needs

A

experiences that heavily influence your life

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30
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological 2. safety 3. love/belongings 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
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31
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external factors

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32
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

what comes from within

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33
Q

Evolutionary approach to motivation

A

instincts

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34
Q

Drive-reduction theory to motivation

A

maintain homeostasis. drive to reduce needs

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35
Q

full arousal theory to motivation

A

people want to reach maximal stimulus

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36
Q

cognitive approach to motivation

A

rational/decision making ability

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37
Q

Incentive theory to motivation

A

positive reward after action. immediate and tangible is better

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38
Q

Behavior compliance

A

acts a particular way but does not change their mind/attitude in conjunction with that behavior

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39
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learned process where behavior is controlled by negative consequences

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40
Q

Components of attitude: ABC model

A

Attitude (learned tendency)

1) affective (emotion)
2) behavioral (action)
3) cognitive (belief)

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41
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

implications influence intentions (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control)

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42
Q

attitude to behavioral process model

A

events –> attitude and knowledge = behavior

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43
Q

Prototype willingness model (PWM)

A

behavior is a function of 6 things.

Past behavior, attitude, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, and prototype (models)

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44
Q

ELM: Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion

A

Why and how? 1) Central root–>quality

2) peripheral root–>attractiveness of persuader

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45
Q

two ideas how behavior can influence attitude

A

foot in the door and role playing

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46
Q

Situational approach

A

external/internal factors attribute to behavior. Consistency (probably internal), distinctiveness, and consensus (latter two are situational).

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47
Q

Attribution

A

process of explaining events or behaviors.

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48
Q

Psychoanalytical theory of personality

A

Freud. Study of subjective mental activities. “Deterministic”: Unconscious determines behavior. Fixation of libido at certain point in development affects personality. Id, ego, superego.

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49
Q

Libido

A

natural energy source that fuels the mind

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50
Q

Id (it)

A

develops right after birth. immediate needs. Freud had the drive and death drive (eros and thanatos)

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51
Q

Ego (I)

A

long-term gratification

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52
Q

super-ego (above I)

A

moral development starting at 4 years old. Ideal self

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53
Q

humanistic theory of personality

A

Manslow. Conscious leads to behavior. Individuals have active free will to find self-realization. Also, Rogers believed that humans reached self-actualization in growth promoting environment (acceptance) and must be genuine.

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54
Q

Biological theory of personality

A

Important components of personality are inherited.

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55
Q

Social cognitive theory of personality

A

People observe others and use that to learn their behavior

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56
Q

Traditionalism

A

Degree to which a person follows authority

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57
Q

Behavioral theory of personality

A

Looks at measurable behaviors. Interaction of individual and the environment

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58
Q

Operant conditioning

A

(Skinner) Rewards/punishments to produce or reduce a behavior

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59
Q

Classical conditioning

A

(Pavlov) neutral stimulus + unconditional stimulus gives an involuntary response

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60
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

is an innate response to a stimulus

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61
Q

What three components are part of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A
  1. Schemas
  2. adaptation (assimilation and accommodation)
  3. Development (the four stages)
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62
Q

Trait theory

A

Personality defined by patterns of behavior.

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63
Q

What is a trait?

A

a stable characteristic

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64
Q

Gordon Allport’s work on the trait theory

A
  1. Cardinal traits
  2. Central traits
  3. Secondary traits
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65
Q

Cattell’s work on trait theory

A

16 essential personality traits that we all possess

66
Q

Eysenck’s contribution to trait theory

A

3 major dimensions

  1. extraversion
  2. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
67
Q

The big 5 on trait theory

A
  1. openness
  2. consciousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
    OCEAN
68
Q

Observational Learning

A

Bobo doll experiment. Learning-performance distinction

69
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive (Learning) Theory

A

Am I motivated? Attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.

70
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  1. Pathological- denial
  2. Immature- projection, passive agressive- not do something to express frustration
  3. Neurotic
71
Q

Freud’s pleasure principle

A

Id-immature and immediate gratification

72
Q

Freud’s reality principle

A

Ego-mature and have to wait for gratification

73
Q

Drive (Freud)

A

a drive for life (eros)

74
Q

Death Drive (Freud)

A

fear, anger etc. can be towards self and others. Thanatos.

75
Q

Parts wrong with OCD

A

orbitofrontal cortex (sensory), cingulate gyrus (emotion), basal ganglia (movement, thinking, judgement), and caudate nucleus (filter)

76
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

restructure maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to give a more effective way to manage stress in the future.

77
Q

What structures are in PTSD?

A

Amygdala (fight or flight), hippocampus (LTM), prefrontal cortex (complex thinking), hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis (release stress hormones).

78
Q

Dose-response relationship with PTSD

A

the proximity, time, and severity of the stimulus can contribute to developing PTSD.

79
Q

Biomedical approach to mental disorders

A

focus on the biological (physical) abnormalities

80
Q

Biopsychosocial approach to mental disorders

A

includes the biological, psychological, and social aspects of mental disorders

81
Q

What is somatic symptoms and related disorders

A

a physical sign/symptom from a psychological problem.

82
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

personality disorders (multiple or forgot)

83
Q

Personality disorder

A

distress due to personality problems from non-accepted behavior

84
Q

Paraphilic disorder

A

sexual arousal from weird objects. must be harmful or dangerous.

85
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Genetic and environmental (neurodevelopmental). Cognitive, negative, and positive symptoms. Over active dopamine (VTA–mesocorticolimbic)

86
Q

What structures are affected in schizophrenia?

A

frontal and temporal cortex. Thinner.

87
Q

Depression

A

“Hopelessness”. Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors (Biopsychosocial model).

88
Q

Biology behind depression

A

Frontal lobe and limbic system. Decrease and increase activity. Increase stress hormones. Raphe (serotonin) and locus coerulus (norepinephrine), decreased receptors.

89
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Our brain can change synapses and neuron layout due to a response to a stimulus

90
Q

Biopsychosocial model of depression

A

Biological factor: genes
Psychological factors: Learned helplessness, cognitive distortions, and attributions
Sociocultural/Environmental: co-ruminants/empathy, decreased socioeconomic status

91
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, Phobias, OCD, PTSD.

92
Q

Dissociate identity disorder

A

multiple personalities, extremely rare

93
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder and other disorders

A

Mental disorder that manifests in a physical way. Factitious disorder, want to be sick or make someone sick.

94
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Neurological based, which is similar to somatic symptom, but different.

95
Q

Personality Disorder

A

10 types with 3 main categories:
Odd/eccentric: Schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid
Dramatic/erratic: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Anxious/fearful: Avoidant, dependent, OCPD (in control!!)

96
Q

Substance use disorder

A

The use of the substance has to impair daily life and cause a problem.

97
Q

Biological basis of Parkinson’s

A

Motor abnormalities and cognitive abnormalities

Substantia nigra in the basal ganglia, no dopamanergic neurons. Lewy bodies form.

98
Q

Depression and Bipolar Disorder

A

Extreme emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). Bipolar I is mania and depression. Bipolar II is hypomania and depression.

99
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Genetics and Age related factors. Find more on this.

100
Q

Conformity

A

Peer pressure.

101
Q

Informative influence

A

Conformity in that you assume the group is right and you don’t know about the decision.

102
Q

Normative influence

A

Conformity in that you conform to the group’s incorrect answer even though you know the correct answer. There is public: superficial agreement; and private: change opinions and beliefs to agree.

103
Q

Group polarization

A

conformational bias where a group is surrounded by people who strengthen their own opinions.

104
Q

Group think

A

maintaining group harmony is more important than carefully analyzing the problem. “unity”.

105
Q

Obedience

A

following authority and orders without thinking why

106
Q

Compliance

A

Conformity in that you avoid punishment or gain reward.

107
Q

Identification

A

Conformity in that you act or pretend to be a particular way to be like “them”.

108
Q

Internalization

A

Conformity in that we integrate into our thoughts and beliefs

109
Q

Asch Line Experiment

A

Showed that the majority of people will select the wrong answer when others select it as well.

110
Q

Milgram Studies on Obedience

A

The teacher shocked the learner. Regular people will comply with authority figure even if it goes against their values.

111
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

Justification for blaming others. People get what they deserve mentality.

112
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

Take credit for positive events but blame external for negative events

113
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Blame internal attributions on behavior rather than external behavior.

114
Q

Zimbardo (Stanford) Prison experiment

A

Looking at social norms and conventions.

115
Q

Situational attribution

A

act from external environment

116
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

act from internal attributes

117
Q

Bystander effect

A

number of people and willingness to help are inversely related

118
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility theory

A

Feel less responsible when others are present–explains the bystander effect

119
Q

Deindividualization

A

more likely to perform bad things in a crowd

120
Q

Social facilitation

A

provides that the most dominant response will occur when there is an increase arousal (giving a presentation)

121
Q

Social loafing

A

put less effort into task in group when individual effort is not evaluated.

122
Q

Agents of socialization

A

What we learn what to do (norms and values). Family, school, peers, and mass media.

123
Q

Folkways

A

Type of norm that has no punishment if you break it. “hold the door open for someone”

124
Q

Mores

A

(mor-rays) norms that are based in morals/beliefs. Produce strong feelings

125
Q

Laws

A

formal right and wrong with strong consequences.

126
Q

Taboos

A

Never do! Extreme consequences. Very immoral behavior.

127
Q

Deviance

A

alter from the norm. There is first degree (little consequences) and second degree (severe negative reaction).

128
Q

Theory of differential association

A

learned behavior from continued exposure to deviant behavior

129
Q

Labeling theory

A

a behavior is considered deviant once a group labels it as deviant

130
Q

Strain theory

A

where society has pressured an individual to commit a crime (deviance) to maintain a goal

131
Q

Collective behaviors

A

a rapid change in groups that deviate from the norm. Fads, mass hysteria, and riots.

132
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Think pavlov’s dog. Make a neutral stimulus a conditioned stimulus once you’ve made the unconditioned response respond to the neutral stimulus.

133
Q

Operant conditioning

A

change behavior by using consequences. can have reinforcement/punishment and positive/negative.

134
Q

Generalization to conditioned stimulus

A

same conditioned response to a similar stimuli

135
Q

discrimination to conditioned stimulus

A

be able to tell the difference from different stimuli when having a conditioned response

136
Q

extinction

A

loss of conditioned response over a period of time

137
Q

Aversion control

A

escape and avoidance learning

138
Q

Observational learning

A

people (kids with adults and bobo) learn from what they see.

139
Q

non associative learning

A

does not contain reinforcement or punishment. Sensitization or habituation from stimulus.

140
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

sudden reappearance of the old conditioned response

141
Q

shaping through operant conditioning

A

learning through successive, gradual reinforcements

142
Q

Partial reinforcements

A

random scheduled reinforcement

fixed-ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

143
Q

Innate behaviors

A

Simple: reflexes, taxis, kinesis. Complex: fixed action patterns, migration, and circadian rhythm.

144
Q

Learned behaviors

A

Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and insight learning.

145
Q

Persuasion–Message characteristics

A

How well the message is thought out. Is it well laid out?

146
Q

Persuasion–Source characteristics

A

where info came from and the environment around the presenter

147
Q

Persuasion–Target characteristics

A

What the listeners are like.

148
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Explain how attitudes are formed and how they’re changed. If you process the information centrally, it is deeper in thought. Peripherally is superficial and less active of a listener.

149
Q

Social Cognitive Theory–Reciprocal determinism

A

Cognition, environment, and behavior are all interconnected.

150
Q

Locus of control

A

do we blame ourselves (we are under control), or do we blame others (lack of control)?

151
Q

Tyranny of choice

A

having too many choices leads to a poorer outcome. Less satisfied with decision.

152
Q

Self control

A

Desire can lead to temptation when it conflicts with your life goals.

153
Q

Ego depletion

A

Self control is a limited resource and can be harmful if we deprive ourselves. Better thing to do is change environment, operant or classical conditioning.

154
Q

incentive theory

A

our motivations are driven by external incentives

155
Q

Archetypes

A

Images or symbols that have universal meanings across cultures.

156
Q

Collective unconscious

A

the unconscious shared by individuals of the same species

157
Q

Synchronicity

A

Carl Jung said that situations that are unrelated may have meaning.

158
Q

May’s Existentialism

A

Emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

159
Q

Phenomenology

A

A philosophy based on intuitive experiences and on the premise that reality consists of objects and events as consciously perceived by conscious beings.

160
Q

Roger’s Person-Centered Therapy

A

They key to therapy: relationship between therapist and client is important to reach maximal gains. Therapist uses mirroring–therapist reflects thoughts of client.

161
Q

Roger’s Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Accept a person with no negative thoughts or prejudice. People in unconditional positive regard environment can reach self-actualization.

MCAT (13 decks)

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