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Microbiology > General bacteriology II > Flashcards

General bacteriology II Flashcards

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1
Q

Nr of stages of infectious b diseases

A

4

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2
Q

1st stage of infectious b disease

A

Host infection

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3
Q

2nd stage of infectious b disease

A

Colonisation and growth

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4
Q

3rd stage of infectious b disease

A

Tissue damage and the clinical spectrum of the bacterial disease

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5
Q

Factors that influence infection and clinical disease

A

Characteristics of bacterial pathogen
Characteristics of susceptible animals
Predisposing factors

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6
Q

Characteristics of bacterial pathogen

A 
Genotype
Virulence
Route of entry
Tissue tropism
Size of infecting dose
Susceptibility or resistance to host defenses
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7
Q

Characteristics of susceptible animals

A 
Species
Breed
Age
Sex
Genotype
Immune competence and physiological status
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8
Q

Predisposing factors

A 
Stressful environment
Inadequate nutrition
Immunosuppression
Intercurrent disease
Low standard of hygiene
Altered metabolism
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9
Q

Colonisation and growth stage

A

replication of the bacteria in the host tissue

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10
Q

Colonisation strategies

A

Iron-chelating compounds
Erythrocyte lysis
Toleration of microenvironmental conditions
Avoiding immune system

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11
Q

Iron-chelating compounds

A

siderophores remove iron from transferrin and lactoferrin

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12
Q

O antigen polysaccharide chain

A

Length of the polysaccharide chain hinders binding of the membrane attack complex of complement to the outer membrane of many gram negative bacteria.

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13
Q

Capsule production

A

antiphagocytic role in many bacteria

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14
Q

M protein production

A

Antiphagocytic activity in Streptococcus equi

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15
Q

Production of Fc binding proteins

A

Staphylococci and Streptococci produce proteins which bind to the Fc region of IgG and prevent interaction with the Fc receptor on membranes and of phagocytes.

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16
Q

Production of leukotoxins

A

Mannheimia haemolytica, Actinobacillus and some others produce toxins capable of phagocyte cytolysis

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17
Q

Interference with phagosome-lysosome fusion

A

Allows the survival of pathogenic mycobacteria within phagocytes.

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18
Q

Escape from phagosomes

A

Survival mechanism used by Listeria monocytogenes and rickettsiae

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19
Q

Resistance to oxidative damage

A

Allows survival of salmonellae and brucellae within phagocytes

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20
Q

Antigenic mimicry of host antigens

A

Adaptation of surface antigens by Mycoplasma species to avoid recognition by the immune system

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21
Q

Antigenic variation of surface antigens

A

Mycoplasma species and Borreliae can partially evade detection by the host’s immune system

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22
Q

Coagulase production

A

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by Staphylococcus aureus can isolate the site of infection from effective immune responses

23
Q

In bacterial infections, the host can be damaged by?

A

Endotoxins
Exotoxins
Inflammatory reaction
Host immune response

24
Q

Endotoxin origin?

A

Component of gram-negative bacteria’s cell wall, released following cell death

25
Q

Exotoxin origin?

A

Produced by both live gram + and gram - bacteria

26
Q

Endotoxin composed of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide complex containing lipid A, the toxic component

27
Q

Exotoxin composed of

A

Proteins, usually high molecular weight proteins

28
Q

Endotoxin reaction to heat?

A

Heat stable

29
Q

Exotoxin reaction to heat?

A

Heat labile

30
Q

Endotoxin activity?

A

Moderate, non-specific and general

31
Q

Endotoxin pyrogenicity?

A

Potent pyrogens

32
Q

Endotoxin antigenicity?

A

Weakly antigenic, neutralising antibodies not associated with natural exposure

33
Q

Exotoxin activity?

A

Potent toxins usually with a specific activity

34
Q

Exotoxin pyrogenicity?

A

Not pyrogenic

35
Q

Exotoxin antigenicity?

A

Highly antigenic, readily converted into toxoids which induce neutralising antibodies.

36
Q

Exotoxin synthesis encoded

A

Extrachromosomally

37
Q

Endotoxin synthesis encoded

A

In chromosome

38
Q

The clinical spectrum of bacterial disease

A

Acute infection
Chronic infection
Latent infection

39
Q

Acute bacterial infection

A

Short and severe clinical course followed by clearing of the bacteria

40
Q

Hyperacute

A

Death

41
Q

Subacute

A

clinical effects of less intensity

42
Q

Chronic bacterial infection

A

Host fails to eliminate the pathogen and shedding is persistent

43
Q

Latent bacterial infection

A

Presence of the pathogen with shedding only occasionally (Salmonellae)

44
Q

Antibiotics

A

Low molecular weight microbial metabolites which can kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible bacteria.

45
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kill bacteria

46
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibit the growth of bacteria

47
Q

Antimicrobial agents

A

Antibiotics and synthetic compounds with antimicrobial activity

48
Q

Modes and sites of action of antibacterial drugs

A 
Disruption of DNA structure
Inhibition of DNA-dependant RNA polymerase
Inhibition of cell membrane function
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Interference with DNA synthesis by blocking folic acid production
Interference with DNA gyrase
Disruption of DNA structure
49
Q

Factors influencing antibacterial activity in vivo?

A 
Site of absorption
Rate of absorption
Site of excretion
Tissue distribution
Metabolism
Drug pathogen interaction
Host pathogen interaction
Dose 
Half-life
50
Q

Drug pathogen in vivo vs in vitro: environment

A

constant in vitro

microenvironments in vivo

51
Q

What is the effect of pus and necrotic debris?

A

They absorb antibacterial agents

52
Q

Antibiogram

A

Bacterial isolate uniformly spread on agar
Antimicrobial disc is applied
Plate is cultivated at 37C for 8h
Diameters of zones of inhibition are measured
and compared to establish reference measurements to determine susceptibility or resistance of the isolate

53
Q

How is antibiogram interpreted?

A

With a chart but in general the bigger the diametre the more susceptible is the bacteria for the antibiot

Microbiology (4 decks)

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