General A&P Flashcards
Cell
-Basic organizational unit of all living things
-all cells have in common a membrane, which is comparable to a semi permeable bag
-the membrane is composed of phospholipids
-there are transport holes, which are proteins that help certain molecules and ions move in and out of the cell
-the cell is filled with the fluid called cytoplasm or cytosol
Organelles
-Groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive
-each with its own unique membrane that has a different chemical make up from the cell membrane
-the larger the cell the more organelles it will need to live
Cells
-Contain DNA and RNA and can synthesize proteins
-all organisms have a highly organized cellular structure
-each cell consists of nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
-specialized organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts have specific functions within the cell and
-in single celled organisms, that single cell contains all of the components necessary for life
-in multicellular organisms, cells can become specialized
-different types of cells have different functions
-life begins as a single cell whether by asexual or sexual reproduction
-cells are grouped together in tissues
-tissues are grouped together in organs
-organs are grouped together in systems
-an organism is a complete individual, the highest level of organization
Ribosomes
-Synthesize proteins from amino acids
-make up about 1/4 of the cell
-some cells contain thousands of ribosomes
-some ribosomes are mobile some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
-Golgi apparatus
-tags proteins for being transported out of the cell
-located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes
-packages proteins and lipid molecules for use in other places and outside of the cell
-transport, sorting and modification of proteins and lipids
Vacuoles
sac for storage, digestion, and waste removal
there’s one large vacuole in plant cells
animal cells have small sometimes numerous vacuoles
Vesicle
Small organelle
has a membrane
performs various functions, include moving materials within the cell
Cytoskeleton
Consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell
Microtubules
Part of the cytoskeleton
support the cell
made of protein
Cytosol
Liquid material in the cell
mostly water, but also contain some floating molecules
Cytoplasm
Refers to cytosol and the sub structures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
defines the cell by acting as a barrier
keeps cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out
determines what is allowed to enter and exit the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Two types of endoplasmic reticulum rough and smooth
rough ER has ribosomes on surface, smooth ER does not
tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell
fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
Mitochondria
Some cells have one mitochondrion and others have thousands
performs various functions such as generating ATP
involved in cell growth
contain their own DNA and is separate from that contained in the nucleus
Mitochondria functions
-Production of cell energy
-cell signaling (how communications are carried within a cell)
-cellular differentiation (the process whereby a non-differentiated cell becomes transformed into a cell with more specialized purpose)
-cell cycle and growth regulation (the process whereby the cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces)
-mitochondria are numerous in eukaryotic cells there may be hundreds or even thousands of mitochondria
-in a single cell mitochondria can be involved in many functions, their main one being supplying the cell with energy
-mitochondria consists of an inner and outer membrane
-the inner membrane encloses the matrix, which contains the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes
-between the inner and outer membranes are folds (cristae)
-chemical reactions occur here that release energy, control water levels in cells, and recycle and create proteins and fats
-aerobic respiration also occurs in mitochondria
[Animal Cell Structure]
Centrosome
Comprised of the pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other and surrounded by protein
-the centrosome is involved in mitosis and the cell cycle
[Animal Cell Structure]
Centrioles
-Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division
-each cylinder consists of nine groups of three microtubules
-centrioles occur in pairs
[Animal Cell Structure]
Lysosomes
-Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
-transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed
-the shape of a lysosome depends on the material being transported