General Flashcards
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure monitor
Normal 8-12
PAOP <5
Hypovolemia
POAP low with pulmonary oedema
ARDS
POAP high
Overlap
Lloyd-Davies position risk
Risk of perineal neuroptaxia
Desmoid tumours
Proliferation of myofibroblasts
15% familial adenomatous polyposis colic
Bi allelic APC mutations
MAP
Diastolic pressure +0.333( systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)
CCP
MAP-intracranial pressure
Kartagener syndrome
Immobile cilia syndrome+ situa inversus
Pierre robin syndrome
Smaller jaw+ tongue that falls back in the throat
Gardner’s Syndrome
AD Colonic polyps Supernumerary teeth Jaw osteomas Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment Osteomas of the skull Thyroid cancer Epidermoid cysts Fibromes Sebaceous cysts
HIV +diarrhoea. Organisms
Cryptosporidium
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
Anesthetic agent with anti-enticing properties
Propofol
Takyasu’s arteritis
Inflammatory, obliterating arteritis affecting Ao and branches Females>Males Upper limb claudication Diminished absent pulse ESR often affected in acute phases
Buergers disease
Segmental thrombotic occlusions of the small and medium sized lower limb vessel
Commonest in young male smokers
Proximal pulses usually present, but pedal pulses are often lost
Hypercellular occlusive thrombus is often present
Corcskrew shaped collateral vessels may be seen
Giant cell arteritis
Large and medium sized vessels
Female>males
Temporal arteritis is commonest type
Granulomatous lesions may be seen on biopsy
Polyarteritis nodosa
Systemic necrotising vasculitis affecting small medium sized muscular arteries
Most common in pop with high prevalence of hep B
Renal disease is seen in 70% cases
Angiography May show saccular or fusiforme aneurysm and arterial stenoses
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Chronic itchy clusters of blisters
Linked to underlying gluten enteropathy
Raised intracranial pressure
Cushing response
Bradycardia
Hypertension
Resp dépression
Local anesthetic for Biers Block
Prilocaine
Addison in crisis
Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypoglycemia
Colon cancer- septic- barcteria
Streptococcus bovis
Upper limp arterial disease
Embolie events
Stenotic lesions
Inflammatory disorders
Venous disease
Lower border of Cricoid cartilage
Junction of larynx with trachea
Junction if Pharynx and oesophagus
Level at which the inferior thyroid artery enters the thyroid gland
The level at which the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen in the 6th cervical vertebra
Superior belly of omohyoid crosses the carotid sheath
The level of middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
The level at which carotid artery can be compressed against C6
Glioblastoma
Right frontal lobe-> midline
Central necrosis
DD cerebral abscess
When is contraindicated to have cell salvage
In infection and malignancy
Gynaecomastia
Metoclopromide Ectopic oestrogen Trauma skull/ tumour breast; testes Orchitis Cimetidine, Cushings Liver cirrhosis Obesity Paraplegia RA Acromegaly Methyldopa Isoniazid Digoxin Ethionamide
Where is Iron absorbed
Duodenum and jéjunum
Glucagonoma
Alfa cells of the pancreas
Diarrhoea, weight loss, necrolytic migratory erythema
Hpv 16/18 cancer
Anal, penile, vulval, cervical, oropharyngeal
Hadsfield procedure
Disconnect and remove the major nipple ducts
Falsely raised 5-HIAA
Spinach, cheese, wine, caffeine, tomatoes
Naproxen, MAOi
Recent surgery
Anatomical dead space increase
Standing
Increase size if a person
Increased lung volume
Drugs causing bronchodilatation eg Adrenaline
Increase in ventilation/perfusion mismatch
Genes protects against neoplasms
P53
Intimate relation for middle meningeal artery
Auto côté portal nerve
Half life of PTH
10 min
Drugs in MRSA
Vancomycin Teicoplanin Others: Rifampicin Macrolides Tetracycline Aminoglycosides Clindamycin
Colon transverse herniated
Morgani
Painful third palsy
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Superior quadranopia
Temporal lobe
Inferior quadranopia
Parietal lobe
Factors reducing renin secretion
Beta blockers
NSAIDS
Which steroid is not affecting cortisol level
Dex
Upper airway obstruction test
Flow volume loop
Most common bacteria found in peritoneal infection
Bacteroides- anaerobic, pus, pungent aroma
Medication for acute systolic reaction
Benzhexol, procuclidine
Common bacteria in gangrene
Clostridium
Less common causes of HyperCa
Sarcoidosis Thiazides, lithium Immobilisation Paget a disease Vitamin A/D Thyrotoxicosis MEN Milk alkali syndrome
Changes in arterioles with malignant hypertension
Fibrinoid necrosis
VWF clotting factor
VIII
Intrinsic pathway
Minor role in clotting Subendothelial damage Formation of pe I’m art complex on collagen by high molecular weight kininogen, prekalikrein and F12 Prekalikrein-> kalikrein-> activates F12 F12->F11 F11-> F9+F8a-> F10
Extrinsic pathway
Tissue d’amante
F7 binds to tissue factor-> F9
F9+F8-> F10
Von Willebrands bleedin treatment
Desmopresin- Tyoe 1, type 2a CI type 2B
Fournier gangrene pathogens
E. coli, bacteroides
Vinyl chloride tumour
Angiosarcoma of the liver
Hamartoma elements
Connective tissue
Mature cartilage
Ciliates epithelium
Lateral medullary syndrome (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)
Wallenberg’s syndrome
Ipsilateral: ataxia, nystagmus, dysphagia, facial numbness, cranial nerve palsy
Contralateral: limb sensory loss
Increase functional residual capacity
Erect position
Emphysema
Asthma
Achalasia symptoms- microorganisms
Trypanosome cruzi
Dercum disease
Adiposes dolorosa
Which laxative stimulates the bowel directly
Senna
Pseudogout risk factors
hyperparathyroidism hypothyroidism haemochromatosis acromegaly low magnesium, low phosphate Wilson's disease
Major iron deposit
Hb
Large transfusion relation with oxygen
Stored blood has less 2,3 DPG and therefore has a higher affinity for oxygen, this reduces its ability to release it at metabolising tissues.
Growth of transected peripheral nerve
1 mm/day When neural transaction is associated with widespread soft tissue damage and hemorrhage (with increased probability of infection), many surgeons choose to delay reapproximation of the severed nerve end for 3 to 4 weeks.
Renal mets
Hyper vascular
Bainbridge reflex
The Bainbridge reflex is the increase in heart rate mediated via atrial stretch receptors that occurs following a rapid infusion of blood. Note the question asks which will not occur and that is why it is A and not the other options.
Difference between dermoid vs desmoid
Sermons cyst -embryological remnants -lines by hair and squamous epithelium
Dumbbell shape- in the midline
Desmond- ligaments and tendon- aggressive fibromatosis and consist of fibroblast lesions
Toxicity ciclosporin
Nephrotoxicity
Toxicity azarhiprine
Myelosupression
Alopecia
Nausea
Tacrolimus toxicity
Diabetes
