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MRCS A > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure monitor

A

Normal 8-12

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2
Q

PAOP <5

A

Hypovolemia

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3
Q

POAP low with pulmonary oedema

A

ARDS

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4
Q

POAP high

A

Overlap

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5
Q

Lloyd-Davies position risk

A

Risk of perineal neuroptaxia

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6
Q

Desmoid tumours

A

Proliferation of myofibroblasts
15% familial adenomatous polyposis colic
Bi allelic APC mutations

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7
Q

MAP

A

Diastolic pressure +0.333( systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)

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8
Q

CCP

A

MAP-intracranial pressure

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9
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

Immobile cilia syndrome+ situa inversus

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10
Q

Pierre robin syndrome

A

Smaller jaw+ tongue that falls back in the throat

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11
Q

Gardner’s Syndrome

A 
AD
Colonic polyps
Supernumerary teeth
Jaw osteomas
Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment
Osteomas of the skull
Thyroid cancer 
Epidermoid cysts
Fibromes
Sebaceous cysts
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12
Q

HIV +diarrhoea. Organisms

A

Cryptosporidium
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter

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13
Q

Anesthetic agent with anti-enticing properties

A

Propofol

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14
Q

Takyasu’s arteritis

A 
Inflammatory, obliterating arteritis affecting Ao and branches
Females>Males
Upper limb claudication 
Diminished absent pulse
ESR often affected in acute phases
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15
Q

Buergers disease

A

Segmental thrombotic occlusions of the small and medium sized lower limb vessel
Commonest in young male smokers
Proximal pulses usually present, but pedal pulses are often lost
Hypercellular occlusive thrombus is often present
Corcskrew shaped collateral vessels may be seen

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16
Q

Giant cell arteritis

A

Large and medium sized vessels
Female>males
Temporal arteritis is commonest type
Granulomatous lesions may be seen on biopsy

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17
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

Systemic necrotising vasculitis affecting small medium sized muscular arteries
Most common in pop with high prevalence of hep B
Renal disease is seen in 70% cases
Angiography May show saccular or fusiforme aneurysm and arterial stenoses

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18
Q

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

A

Chronic itchy clusters of blisters

Linked to underlying gluten enteropathy

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19
Q

Raised intracranial pressure

A

Cushing response
Bradycardia
Hypertension
Resp dépression

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20
Q

Local anesthetic for Biers Block

A

Prilocaine

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21
Q

Addison in crisis

A

Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypoglycemia

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22
Q

Colon cancer- septic- barcteria

A

Streptococcus bovis

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23
Q

Upper limp arterial disease

A

Embolie events
Stenotic lesions
Inflammatory disorders
Venous disease

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24
Q

Lower border of Cricoid cartilage

A

Junction of larynx with trachea
Junction if Pharynx and oesophagus
Level at which the inferior thyroid artery enters the thyroid gland
The level at which the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen in the 6th cervical vertebra
Superior belly of omohyoid crosses the carotid sheath
The level of middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
The level at which carotid artery can be compressed against C6

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25
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Right frontal lobe-> midline
Central necrosis
DD cerebral abscess

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26
Q

When is contraindicated to have cell salvage

A

In infection and malignancy

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27
Q

Gynaecomastia

A 
Metoclopromide 
Ectopic oestrogen 
Trauma skull/ tumour breast; testes
Orchitis 
Cimetidine, Cushings
Liver cirrhosis 
Obesity 
Paraplegia
RA
Acromegaly
Methyldopa
Isoniazid 
Digoxin
Ethionamide
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28
Q

Where is Iron absorbed

A

Duodenum and jéjunum

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29
Q

Glucagonoma

A

Alfa cells of the pancreas

Diarrhoea, weight loss, necrolytic migratory erythema

30
Q

Hpv 16/18 cancer

A

Anal, penile, vulval, cervical, oropharyngeal

31
Q

Hadsfield procedure

A

Disconnect and remove the major nipple ducts

32
Q

Falsely raised 5-HIAA

A

Spinach, cheese, wine, caffeine, tomatoes
Naproxen, MAOi
Recent surgery

33
Q

Anatomical dead space increase

A

Standing
Increase size if a person
Increased lung volume
Drugs causing bronchodilatation eg Adrenaline
Increase in ventilation/perfusion mismatch

34
Q

Genes protects against neoplasms

A

P53

35
Q

Intimate relation for middle meningeal artery

A

Auto côté portal nerve

36
Q

Half life of PTH

A

10 min

37
Q

Drugs in MRSA

A 
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Others:
Rifampicin
Macrolides
Tetracycline 
Aminoglycosides
Clindamycin
38
Q

Colon transverse herniated

A

Morgani

39
Q

Painful third palsy

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

40
Q

Superior quadranopia

A

Temporal lobe

41
Q

Inferior quadranopia

A

Parietal lobe

42
Q

Factors reducing renin secretion

A

Beta blockers

NSAIDS

43
Q

Which steroid is not affecting cortisol level

A

Dex

44
Q

Upper airway obstruction test

A

Flow volume loop

45
Q

Most common bacteria found in peritoneal infection

A

Bacteroides- anaerobic, pus, pungent aroma

46
Q

Medication for acute systolic reaction

A

Benzhexol, procuclidine

47
Q

Common bacteria in gangrene

A

Clostridium

48
Q

Less common causes of HyperCa

A 
Sarcoidosis 
Thiazides, lithium 
Immobilisation
Paget a disease
Vitamin A/D
Thyrotoxicosis
MEN
Milk alkali syndrome
49
Q

Changes in arterioles with malignant hypertension

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

50
Q

VWF clotting factor

A

VIII

51
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A 
Minor role in clotting
Subendothelial damage
Formation of pe
I’m art complex on collagen by high molecular weight kininogen, prekalikrein and F12
Prekalikrein-> kalikrein-> activates F12
F12->F11
F11-> F9+F8a-> F10
52
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Tissue d’amante
F7 binds to tissue factor-> F9
F9+F8-> F10

53
Q

Von Willebrands bleedin treatment

A

Desmopresin- Tyoe 1, type 2a CI type 2B

54
Q

Fournier gangrene pathogens

A

E. coli, bacteroides

55
Q

Vinyl chloride tumour

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

56
Q

Hamartoma elements

A

Connective tissue
Mature cartilage
Ciliates epithelium

57
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)

A

Wallenberg’s syndrome
Ipsilateral: ataxia, nystagmus, dysphagia, facial numbness, cranial nerve palsy
Contralateral: limb sensory loss

58
Q

Increase functional residual capacity

A

Erect position
Emphysema
Asthma

59
Q

Achalasia symptoms- microorganisms

A

Trypanosome cruzi

60
Q

Dercum disease

A

Adiposes dolorosa

61
Q

Which laxative stimulates the bowel directly

A

Senna

62
Q

Pseudogout risk factors

A 
hyperparathyroidism
hypothyroidism
haemochromatosis
acromegaly
low magnesium, low phosphate
Wilson's disease
63
Q

Major iron deposit

A

Hb

64
Q

Large transfusion relation with oxygen

A

Stored blood has less 2,3 DPG and therefore has a higher affinity for oxygen, this reduces its ability to release it at metabolising tissues.

65
Q

Growth of transected peripheral nerve

A

1 mm/day When neural transaction is associated with widespread soft tissue damage and hemorrhage (with increased probability of infection), many surgeons choose to delay reapproximation of the severed nerve end for 3 to 4 weeks.

66
Q

Renal mets

A

Hyper vascular

67
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

The Bainbridge reflex is the increase in heart rate mediated via atrial stretch receptors that occurs following a rapid infusion of blood. Note the question asks which will not occur and that is why it is A and not the other options.

68
Q

Difference between dermoid vs desmoid

A

Sermons cyst -embryological remnants -lines by hair and squamous epithelium
Dumbbell shape- in the midline

Desmond- ligaments and tendon- aggressive fibromatosis and consist of fibroblast lesions

69
Q

Toxicity ciclosporin

A

Nephrotoxicity

70
Q

Toxicity azarhiprine

A

Myelosupression
Alopecia
Nausea

71
Q

Tacrolimus toxicity

A

Diabetes

MRCS A (16 decks)

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