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Ielts April 2025 > General 2 > Flashcards

General 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A possible future effect or result of an action, event or decision
پیامد احتمالی
Something that happens indirectly /
A situation in which it is shown that someone is involved in something مداخله

A

Implication
Ex: this election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy.
Consider/discuss/examine the implications
Practical/financial/potential implications
*usually when used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future.
Ex: the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal.

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2
Q

When a new idea, method or product become used instead of the old one because it is more modern or effective
= replace
جایگزین شدن

A

Supersede
Ex: The old models of car have now been superseded.

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3
Q

Great skill at doing something
توانمندی

A

Prowess (n)
Ex: his prowess as a fisherman
Physical/military/academic prowess

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4
Q

The ability to keep increasing, developing or being more successful انرژی، تب و تاب، جنبش
The force that makes a moving object keep moving عامل شتاب دهنده، سرعت

A

Momentum
Ex: government often lose momentum in their second term of office.
Ex: the campaign gained momentum as more volunteers joined.
Gain/gather/lose momentum
Give something momentum
Sustain momentum (=keep being successful)
Ex: American diplomats have already moved to sustain momentum by arranging for parallel talks between the two sides.

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5
Q

To use a power, influence etc in order to make something happen
اعمال کردن، به کار بردن
=apply, employ

A

Exert
Ex: environmental groups are exerting pressure on the government to tighten pollution laws.
Exert pressure/influence/control/power/authority/discipline/effort
Exert yourself = to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy
Ex: he needs to exert himself to try to find an answer.

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6
Q

Very many
بی شمار، متعدد

A

Multitudinous
Ex: the multitudinous array of chemical substances that exist in the natural world.
Ex: multitudinous rugs kept us warm.

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7
Q

A method, product, practice… that has been used for a long time and is considered the usual way متعارف
= normal, standard, usual

A

Conventional
Ex: internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Ex: he is a strong believer in conventional morals.

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8
Q

An important change in which the usual way of thinking or doing something is replaced by another way تغییر رویه

A

Paradigm shift
Ex: can we expect to see a paradigm shift, where people want to drive less?

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9
Q

A group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive آرایه، صف

To put soldiers in position ready to fight/به صف درآوردن
To wear clothes especially of good quality/
To arrange something in an attractive way

A

Array (n v)
Ex: a dazzling array of flowers
Ex: a bewildering array of options
A vast/impressive/wide array
Ex: she came in, arrayed in all her finery.
Ex: make-up arrayed on the bathroom counter

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10
Q

A large formal meeting for people who belong to the same profession or organization or who have the same interests/ مجمع، انجمن
A formal agreement = pact, treaty قرارداد
Behavior that most people in a society consider to be normal =custom عرف

A

Convention
Ex: the city’s new convention center
Ex: the European convention on human rights
Ex: playing together teaches children social conventions such as sharing.
Ex: by convention, the bride’s father gives her away at her wedding.

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11
Q

(Formal) To try hard تلاش کردن/
An attempt to do something hard or new کوشش

A

Endeavor (v n)
Ex: we always endeavor to please our customers.
Ex: an outstanding example of human endeavor

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12
Q

To strongly disapprove someone or something, especially because you think it’s morally wrong /
To give someone a severe punishment because they are guilty of a crime
محکوم کردن
To state officially that something is not safe enough to be used کلنگی اعلام کردن، اعلام خرابی کردن

A

Condemn (condemnation)
Ex: politicians were quick to condemn the bombing.
Condemn someone/something as something
Ex: the law has been condemned as an attack on personal liberty.
condemn something/somebody for (doing) something
Ex: she knew that society would condemn her for leaving her children.
condemn somebody to something
Ex: he was found guilty and condemned to death.
Ex: an old house that had been condemned.
Ex: the pool was closed after being condemned as a health hazard.
Strongly/roundly/vehemently/vigorously/fiercely condemn
Widely/publicly/openly condemn
Utterly/unequivocally condemn

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13
Q

(Formal)Completely clear and without any possibility of doubt = utter
صریح

A

Unequivocal
Ex: his answer was an unequivocal ‘No’.
unequivocally = utterly

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14
Q

(Formal) to officially judge how successful, effective, or valuable something is = evaluate
تخمین زدن، ارزیابی کردن

A

Appraise
Ex: some companies are considering team appraisal instead of appraising individuals.
Ex: the property was appraised at $28 million.

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15
Q

(Formal) to officially criticize someone for something they have done wrong/
The act of expressing strong disapproval and criticism
سرزنش کردن, انتقاد

A

Censure(v n)
Ex: he was officially censured for his handling of the situation.
Ex: he was fortunate to escape parliamentary censure.

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16
Q

To express formal support or approval for someone or something
صحه گذاردن، تایید کردن

A

Endorse
Endorse an idea/a proposal/ a candidate
Ex: The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
Ex: I fully endorse the measures taken to improve safety standards.

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17
Q

To accept or forgive behavior that most people think is morally wrong
چشمپوشی کردن، اغماض کردن

A

Condone
Ex: I cannot condone the use of violence under any circumstances.

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18
Q

To express your disapproval of someone or something, or to talk about their faults
Opposite: praise
نکوهش کردن
(Formal) to express judgements about the good and bad qualities of something

A

Criticize
Ex: The opposition criticized the government’s failure to consult adequately.
be sharply/heavily/strongly/harshly/fiercely/severely/roundly criticized
Ex: the new law has been widely criticized.
criticize someone for something
Ex: he has been criticized for incompetence.
criticize someone/something as something
Ex: the report has been criticized as inaccurate and incomplete.
Ex: we look at each other’s work and criticize it.
repeatedly/openly/constantly/publicly criticize

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19
Q

To understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are = realize
درک کردن
To thank someone in a polite way
قدردانی کردن
To gradually become more valuable
بر بهای چیزی افزودن

A

Appreciate
appreciate the significance/importance/value of something
Ex: he didn’t fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract.
Ex: we appreciate that caring for children is an important job.
Ex: it is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become.
Ex: most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate.

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20
Q

(Formal) To imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way تصور کردن، فهمیدن
To think of a new idea or plan and develop it in your mind در ذهن پروراندن، به فکر خطور کردن
To become pregnant آبستن شدن

A

Conceive
Ex: many people cannot conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.
conceive what/why/how
Ex: I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.
conceive of something/somebody as something
Ex: language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.
Ex: scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.
Ex: fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving.

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21
Q

An idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something
تصور، ادراک

A

Conception
Ex: changing conceptions of the world.
have (no) conception of something
Ex: they have no conception of what women really feel and want.

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22
Q

To state firmly that something is true ادعا کردن، اثبات کردن
Declare

A

Assert
Ex: French cooking, she asserted, is the best in the world.
Ex: he asserted that there were spies in the government.
Ex: they asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source.

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23
Q

To state very strongly your right to something اثبات کردن

A

Assert your rights/independence/authority/superiority
Ex: native Americans asserting their rights to ancestral land.
Ex: she asserted her independence from her parents by getting her own apartment.

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24
Q

A fault or lack of something that means something or someone is not perfect
نقص، عیب

A

Defect
Ex: All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.
a serious/major/minor/slight defect
a physical/structural/genetic/inherited/birth defect
a speech/character/heart defect
have/correct a defect

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25
Q

(Formal) Directly relating to a particular matter = relevant
مرتبط، مربوط

A

Pertinent (adj)
Ex: He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions.
Ex: The last point is particularly pertinent to today’s discussion.
Ex: words such as love, warmth, personal chemistry are certainly pertinent.

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26
Q

To completely understand and begin to use new ideas, information, etc = absorb
جذب کردن
To become a part of the group and be accepted by the people in that group
وفق دادن، همسان شدن

A

Assimilate
Ex: It will take time to assimilate all these facts.
Ex: Refugees find it difficult to become assimilated into the community.

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27
Q

1.To suddenly move very quickly in a direction
2. If a feeling ….. you begin to feel it strongly
3. When a large amount of liquid, electricity, chemical moves very quickly and suddenly موج زدن
4. To suddenly increase افزایش ناگهانی

A

Surge
1Ex: The crowd surged through the gate.
2Ex: she could feel anger surging inside her.
3.Ex: a wave surged up towards them.
Ex: adrenaline surged through her veins.
4Ex: oil prices surged.

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28
Q

If a feeling, pain, sound ……. It gradually becomes less and then stops = die down
فروکش کردن
(Formal) if an area of land …… it gradually sinks to a lower level نشست کردن
If bad weather conditions …….., it gradually return to a normal state
If water, especially flood, …… , it gradually goes underground

A

Subside
Ex: The pain in his head subsided but he still felt dizzy.
Ex: after the heavy rains, part of the road subsided.
Ex: The wind gradually subsided and all was quiet.
Ex: when the floods subsided the streets were littered with bodies.

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29
Q

Not moving, changing or developing ساکن، ایستا
Opposite = dynamic

A

Static
Ex: economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period.

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30
Q

(Formal) Having a lot of space, Able to contain a lot وسیع، جادار

A

Capacious
Ex: a capacious suitcase
capaciousness = spaciousness ظرفیت، وسعت

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31
Q

(Formal) To say or do something again = repeat بازگو کردن، تکرار کردن

A

Iterate
Ex: iterate this process until there are no more constraints.
iterance = repetition
iteration تکرار
iterative تکرارشونده

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32
Q

Not very good = second rate
متوسط

A

Mediocre
Ex: a mediocre neighborhood
Ex: I thought the book was pretty mediocre.

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33
Q

(Formal) Remembering a particular rule or fact and thinking about it when you are making decisions about what to do = conscious of =
Aware آگاه، متوجه، مراقب

A

Mindful (adj)
Ex: The school is mindful of its responsibilities towards all the children.
Ex: wealthy people are mindful of how they spend their time.

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34
Q

Careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do وظیفه شناس، با وجدان

A

Conscientious
Ex: a conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.
Conscientiousness وظیفه شناسی
Ex: his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company.

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35
Q

(Formal) when a situation, fact etc influence you towards a particular action or opinion/
To think that a particular belief or opinion is most likely to be correct
تمایل داشتن، متمایل کردن(شدن)، مستعد شدن

A

Incline
Ex: The accident inclined him to reconsider his career.
Ex: I incline to accept the official version of events.
Ex: he was inclined to accept the offer.

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36
Q

(Formal) Arriving, happening, or being done at exactly the time that has been arranged = on time وقت شناس، به موقع

A

Punctual
Ex: she’s always very punctual for appointments.
Ex: the punctual payment of invoices.
punctually دقیق
Ex: the meeting started punctually at 10.00 a.m.
punctuality وقت شناسی
Ex: improvements in the punctuality of trains.

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37
Q

(Formal) To take or collect something, especially information or support = gather
انبارکردن، گرداوری

A

Garner
Ex: The party garnered 70 percent of the vote.
Ex: The police struggled to garner sufficient evidence.

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38
Q

(Formal) To prove that something is true or correct, to give evidence or testimony to the truth or factualness of, to make a document or agreement officially and legally acceptable , = confim اعتبار بخشیدن، تایید کردن

A

Validate (v)
Ex: many scientists plan to wait until the results of the study are validated by the future research.
validate someone’s feelings
Valid = authentic معتبر
Validation = authentication = اعتبار

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39
Q

To spoil or interrupt a plan, agreement
از خط خارج شدن

A

Derail
Ex: a mistake that might derail the negotiations.
Ex: one slip up will not derail your progress.

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40
Q

The great size or importance of something
مقدار، بزرگی

A

Magnitude
Ex: they didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.

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41
Q

The process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill فراگیری/
The act of getting land, power, or money کسب، اکتساب/
(Formal) something that you have obtained by buying it or being given it مالکیت

A

Acquisition
Ex: The acquisition of language/ the acquisition of management skills.
Ex: the acquisition of new sites for development.
Ex: The Art Society is holding an exhibition of recent acquisitions.

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42
Q

Very surprised or shocked = astonished
حیرت زده

A

Astounded (adj)
Ex: she was astounded by his arrogance.
Astound (v) = amaze

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43
Q

The state of living in the form of a particular person or animal حلول کردن
Having a lot of particular quality تجسم چیزی بودن

A

Incarnation(n)
Ex: she believes she was an Egyptian queen in a previous incarnation.
Ex: she was the incarnation of wisdom
Ex: modern stock market is significantly more complicated than its original incarnation.

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44
Q

A short attack on a place by soldiers
یورش، هجوم

A

Raid(n,v)
Ex: a bombing raid/ an air raid
Ex: the colonel led a successful raid against a rebel base. (raid on/against)
launch/carry out/stage a raid

Ex: police found weapons when they raided his home.

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45
Q

Known to be definitely true/ accepted by everyone
مسلم، بحث ناپذیر، بدون شک، بی چون و چرا

A

Undisputed
Ex: doctors found undisputed evidence of nerve damage.
undisputed leader/champion/master
undisputed fact

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46
Q

To become or make something become smaller or less =reduce
کم کردن، کم شدن
To deliberately make someone or something appear less important ضعیف کردن

A

Diminish
Ex: these drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
Ex: that is not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.

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47
Q

A statement, report, attitude that is influenced by personal opinion and can therefore be unfair وابسته به تفکر شخصی
Opposite= objective
Existing only in your mind or imagination ذهنی

A

Subjective (adj)
Ex: the ratings were based on the subjective judgement of one person.
Ex: our subjective perception of colors

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48
Q

Something that seems to be one thing but is in fact very different فریبنده، گمراه کننده
Intended to make someone believe something that is not true

A

Deceptive
Ex: some snakes move with deceptive speed.
Ex: appearance can be deceptive.
Ex: misleading and deceptive adverts

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49
Q

Very careful about small details and always making sure that everything is done correctly دقیق، وسواسی

A

Meticulous
Ex: their planning and preparation were meticulous.
meticulous in meticulous about

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50
Q

when two or more facts, ideas etc are closely connected to each other or one causes the other مرتبط بودن، همبستگی داشتن

A

correlate
Ex: Poverty and poor housing correlate with a shorter life expectancy.
Ex: Lack of prenatal care correlates strongly with premature birth.
correlate strongly/significantly/closely

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51
Q

to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown = raise پروراندن، تربیت کردن

A

rear
Ex: It’s a good place to rear young children.
Ex: the sheep were mainly reared for their meat.

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52
Q

not controlled by strict rules, but decided on by someone in a position of authority = optional اختیاری

A

discretionary
Ex: the committee has discretionary powers to act in these situations
discretionary decision/power/award/grant/program

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53
Q

to put someone in prison or to keep them somewhere and prevent them from leaving زندانی /کردن
if a situation or feeling imprisons people, it restricts what they can do

A

imprison
Ex: The government imprisoned all opposition leaders.
Ex: Many elderly people feel imprisoned in their own homes.
imprisonment = the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there
Ex: it is cruel to keep animals in imprisonment.

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54
Q

a supply of something kept to be used if it is needed ذخیره،
اندوخته/
an area of land where wild animals and plants are protected پارک حیات وحش

A

reserve
Ex: $10 million in cash reserves Ex: oil reserves
reserve of
Ex: a wildlife reserve

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55
Q

(formal) a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one اختلاف، ناجوری

A

disparity
Ex: a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
Ex: income disparity can motivate individuals to work harder and innovate.
disparity in/between

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56
Q

a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same اختلاف، تفاوت

A

discrepancy
Ex: Police found discrepancies in the two men’s reports.
Ex: There is a large discrepancy between the ideal image of motherhood and the reality

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57
Q

(formal) treating all people in a fair and equal way منصف، متساوی

A

equitable
Ex: an equitable distribution of food supplies
Ex: The work should be shared more equitably.
Ex: the difference between legal and equitable rights

58
Q

to give the correct amount of importance or attention to two separate things برقراری تعادل

A

strike a balance
Ex: It isn’t always easy to strike the right balance.
Ex: . A balance must be struck between encouraging individual achievement and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

59
Q

a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite طیف، گستره، بازه

A

spectrum (spectra)
Ex: the ethnic spectrum of America
Ex: excessive inequality can create barriers to success for those at the lower end of the spectrum.

60
Q

to do something bad, extreme, or difficult because you cannot think of any other way to deal with a problem متوسل شدن

A

resort to
Ex: Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence.
Ex: By narrowing the wealth gap, individuals are less likely to resort to illegal activities

61
Q

legally responsible for the cost of something بدهکار ،مسئول/
likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc = prone مستعد، در معرض/
likely to be legally punished or forced to do something by law

A

liable
Ex: people who are liable for income tax at a higher rate
Ex: he is liable for large sums of money
Ex: You’re more liable to injury when you don’t get regular exercise.
Ex: Anyone found trespassing is liable to a maximum fine of $100.

62
Q

likely to do or say something or to behave in a particular way, especially because of a fault or natural tendency = likely محتمل

A

liable to do something
Ex: The car is liable to overheat on long trips.
Ex: He was liable to just show up without warning.

63
Q

legal responsibility for something, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury مسئولیت، بدهی/
someone or something that is likely to cause problems for someone مستعد

A

liability
Ex: Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause
Ex: A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom.
full/limited/unlimited/legal/criminal/civil/task/personal liability
insurance liability = insurance against damage or injury caused by NEGLIGENCE

64
Q

failure to take enough care over something that you are responsible for غفلت، قصور

A

negligence
Ex: negligence in carrying out safety procedures
Ex: The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.

65
Q

to fail to look after someone or something properly غفلت کردن،
اهمال کردن
to pay too little attention to something

A

neglect (v,n)
Ex: She smoked and drank, neglected the children, and left the clothes unmended.
Ex: a neglected garden
Ex: The building has been badly neglected.
Ex: Many of these ideas have been neglected by modern historians.
Ex: The police officer was accused of neglecting his duty

66
Q

if a government or organization subsidizes a company, activity etc, it pays part of its costs/
support something financially یارانه دادن، کمک هزینه دادن

A

subsidize
Ex: Farming is heavily subsidized by the government.
Ex: these stolen funds are used to subsidize other crimes

67
Q

a long and complicated dispute and argument = battle داد و بیداد، نزاع، مشاجره

A

wrangle (n,v)
Ex: a bitter wrangle over copyright
Ex: He was involved in a long legal wrangle with his employers.
Ex: They are still wrangling over/about ownership of the house.
Ex: The various government departments are wrangling with each other.

68
Q

(formal) an opinion or feeling you have about something باور، نظر/
feelings of pity, love, sadness etc that are often considered to be too strong or not suitable for a particular situation = emotion احساس

A

Sentiment
Ex: Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.
anti-American/anti-nationalistic/anti-religious sentiments
Ex: the anti-immigrant sentiments expressed by some Americans
popular/public sentiment = what most people think
Ex: There’s no place for sentiment in business!

69
Q

(formal) present everywhere at all times

A

omnipresent
Ex: the omnipresence of God
Ex: omnipresence of politics can make people cynical about whether truth still matters.

70
Q

unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or sincere reasons for doing something بدبین/
not caring that something might not be morally right, might hurt someone etc, when you are trying to get something for yourself منفعت طلب

A

cynical
Ex: a cynical view of human nature
Ex: the public is cynical about election promises.
Ex: a cynical disregard for international agreements
cynic (n)
cynicism

71
Q

to ignore something or treat it as unimportant نادیده گرفتن/
when someone ignores something that they should not ignore بی توجهی

A

disregard (v,n)
Ex: He ordered the jury to disregard the witness’s last statement.
Ex: Mark totally disregarded my advice
Ex: his disregard for/of her feelings
total/reckless/complete/flagrant disregard
Ex: Local councilors accused the terrorists of showing a complete disregard for human life.
Ex: He said the bombing was in complete disregard of the Geneva Convention.

72
Q

a flagrant action is shocking because it is done in a way that is easily noticed and shows no respect for laws, truth etc وقیح، آشکار، فاحش، شنیع

A

flagrant
Ex: flagrant violations of human rights
Ex: a flagrant disregard for the law

73
Q

certain to happen and impossible to avoid بدیهی، ناچار، ناگزیر

A

inevitable opposite= evitable قابل اجتناب
Ex: A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.
Ex: It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake.
Ex: Disease was an inevitable consequence/result of poor living conditions.

74
Q

(formal) relating to the meanings of words وابسته به معنا

A

semantic

75
Q

an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts = agreement هم رایی ،اجماع، اتفاق نظر

A

consensus
Ex: a lack of consensus about/on the aims of the project
Ex: There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
reach/achieve/build a consensus
a consensus emerges (=is reached after talking about something)
consensus of opinion
national/political/scientific/general/broad/clear/growing/strong consensus

76
Q

a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal دسیسه، توطئه، تبانی

A

conspiracy
Ex: He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
Ex: a conspiracy against the government
conspiracy theories
international/worldwide/global conspiracy
a criminal/political conspiracy
be part of a conspiracy (also take part in a conspiracy)
be involved in a conspiracy
be convicted of conspiracy (=be found guilty of it in a court)

77
Q

(formal) an alleged crime, fact etc is one that someone says has happened or is true, although it has not been proved ادعا شده، نسبت داده شده، بیان شده

A

alleged
Ex: their alleged involvement in international terrorism
Ex: The alleged victim made the complaint at a police station in York.
alleged offense/crime/incident

78
Q

loyalty to a leader, country, belief etc تبعیت، وفاداری

A

allegiance
Ex: I pledge/swear allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.
Ex: The people here have strong political allegiances.
owe allegiance (=have a duty to give allegiance)
switch/transfer allegiance

79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

(Formal) to put something or someone in danger = endanger به خطر انداختن

A

Imperil
Ex: Tax increases now might imperil economic recovery.

82
Q

to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyed در معرض خطر گذاشتن

A

Endanger (v)
Ex: Smoking during pregnancy endangers your baby’s life.

83
Q

an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing صفت بارز

A

Hallmark
Ex: The explosion had all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.
Ex: Their performance did not bear the hallmark of European champions. (Having all the features associated with that thing)
Ex: cultural diversity is a hallmark of globalized societies.
Ex: sustainability has become the hallmark of modern urban planning.
Ex: high-quality infrastructure is often seen as the hallmark of developed nations.

84
Q

the main ideas or facts about something, without the details خلاصه مطلب، طرح کلی/
to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details مختصر یا خلاصه چیزی را مطرح کردن

A

outline (n,v)
Ex: an outline of world history
Ex: A debt reduction scheme was agreed in outline (=people agreed on its main points).
abroad/rough/general/brief/basic outline
give s.b/provide an outline
Ex: The new president outlined plans to deal with crime, drugs, and education.

85
Q

needing a lot of effort = demanding چالش برانگیز، سخت

A

taxing
Ex: The job turned out to be more taxing than I’d expected.

86
Q

an idea, belief, or opinion

A

notion
Ex: misguided notions of male superiority
Ex: the notion that human beings are basically good
accept/challenge/reject/have/support/dispute/dismiss a notion
reinforce a notion (=make an idea stronger or easier to believe)
a vague/absurd/ridiculous/simple/abstract notion
a preconceived notion (=an idea that you have before you have enough knowledge or experience)
an accepted/received notion (=an idea that most people believe)
the whole notion of something (=used to emphasize that you are talking about a lot of related ideas, not just one specific idea)
not have the faintest/foggiest notion (=not know or understand something at all)

87
Q

1a serious argument or disagreement مشاجره، نزاع/
2to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true مورد بحث قرار دادن/
3(formal) to argue or disagree with someone محل تردید قرار دادن/
4to try to get control of something or win something منازعه برای به دست آوردن چیزی

A

dispute (n,v)
1Ex: The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company.
Ex: the bitter border dispute between the countries
resolve/settle a dispute
be involved in a dispute
get into a dispute
be in dispute with someone
be locked in a dispute
a dispute arises
bitter/fierce/long-running/industrial/labor/pay/political/legal/domestic(formal)/border/territorial dispute
2Ex: The main facts of the book have never been disputed.
3Ex:What happened next is hotly disputed.
4Ex: Soviet forces disputed every inch of ground.

88
Q

if something bad strikes, it suddenly happens or suddenly begins to affect someone

A

strike
Ex: Everything seemed to be going fine when suddenly disaster struck.
Ex: the United States has been struck repeatedly with a horror.

89
Q

to influence someone in a way that has a harmful effect on how they think or behave

A

warp
Ex: You mustn’t allow your dislike of her to warp your judgment.
Ex: news about crime warps your brain.

90
Q

a feeling of anxiety or fear about something that is going to happen دلهره، نگرانی

A

trepidation
Ex: With some trepidation, I opened the door.

91
Q

the ability to say things that are clever and amusing بذله گویی، لطافت طبع/
someone who is able to say clever and amusing things نکته سنج

A

wit
Ex: a woman of great wit and charm
wits= ability to think quickly and make the right decisions.
keep/have your wits about you (=be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a difficult situation)

92
Q

to make someone suffer something unpleasant

A

inflict
Ex: The strikes inflicted serious damage on/upon the economy. Detectives warned that the men could inflict serious injury.

93
Q

to deliberately make something seem as strange, exciting, or shocking as possible – used to show disapproval اب و تاب دادن

A

sensationalize
Ex: The media often sensationalizes crime.

94
Q

someone who is deranged behaves in a crazy or dangerous way, usually because they are mentally ill روان پریش، دیوانه

A

deranged
Ex: a deranged gunman

95
Q

more important than anything else in a situation, system etc = key موثر، محوری، کلیدی

A

pivotal
Ex: The Bank of England has a pivotal role in the London money market.
Ex: The talks are pivotal to the success of the country.

96
Q

to move slowly from one side to another پس و پیش رفتن، نوسان کردن/
to influence someone so that they change their opinion تحت تاثیر قرار دادن/
a swinging movement from side to side نوسان

A

sway (n,v)
Ex: The trees swayed gently in the breeze.
Ex: the media can significantly sway public views on the nature of crime.
Ex: the sway of the ship

97
Q

the fact that something is prevalent = commonness نفوذ، درجه شیوع

A

prevalence
Ex: the prevalence of deafness in older age groups

98
Q

an event, especially an unpleasant one, that will happen very soon قریب الوقوع

A

imminent
imminent danger/threat/death/disaster
Ex: the imminence of the General Election
Ex: criminal activity is an imminent threat in the United States

99
Q

an opinion, piece of information, result etc that is skewed is incorrect, especially because it has been affected by a particular thing or because you do not know all the facts تحریف شده، منحرف شده،

A

skewed
Ex: The media’s coverage of the election has been skewed from the very beginning.

100
Q

to let yourself or someone else do or have something that you enjoy, especially something that is considered bad for you افراط و زیاده روی کرن، لوس کردن، (رها کردن خود از بند چیزی و لذت بردن) /
to take part in an activity, especially an illegal one

A

indulge
Ex: After a long week of work, I decided to indulge myself with a relaxing bubble bath.
Ex: Most of us were too busy to indulge in heavy lunchtime drinking.
Ex: His mother spoiled him, indulging his every whim.
Ex: Women do not indulge in crime to the same extent as men.

101
Q

to eat or drink too much افراط در مشروب و دراگ/
to let someone have everything they want, or always let them do what they want

A

overindulge
Ex: It’s hard not to overindulge at Christmas.
Ex: they spend their evenings over-indulging in alcohol and/or drugs.
Ex: Penny was overindulged by her parents.

102
Q

feel an emotion so strongly that you cannot think clearly مغلوب شدن و احاطه شدن و مملو شدن از احساسات و افکار خاص، از پا در آمدن/
if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with

A

overwhelm
Ex: Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.
Ex: The children were overwhelmed with excitement.
Ex: We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.
Ex: They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.

103
Q

people who are treated badly and without respect by people who have power over them ستم دیده

A

downtrodden
Ex: most people want to stand up for the downtrodden.

104
Q

(formal) illegal or immoral behavior خلافکاری، تبهکاری

A

wrongdoing
Ex: The company’s CEO was accused of financial wrongdoing.
Ex: when someone abuse our trust we judge the wrongdoer.

105
Q

(formal) to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else in a series مقدم بودن، اسبق بودن/
to go somewhere before someone else جلوتر بودن

A

precede
Ex: a type of cloud that precedes rain
Ex: Lunch will be preceded by a short speech from the chairman.
Ex: The guard preceded them down the corridor.

106
Q

1an action or official decision that can be used to give support to later actions or decisions سابقه، نمونه، سنت، روال، رویه حقوقی/
2 something of the same type that has happened or existed before /
3the way that things have always been done

A

precedent
1Ex: a legal precedent
Ex: UN involvement in the country’s affairs would set/create a dangerous precedent.
2Ex: There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.
Ex: An epidemic on this scale is without precedent.
3Ex: break with precedent=do sth in a new way
follow/set/establish/create a precedent
use something as a precedent
a bad/dangerous/important/legal precedent

107
Q

never having happened before, or never having happened so much بی مانند، بی سابقه، جدید

A

unprecedented (adj)
Ex: He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumors were false.
Ex: crime has increased on an unprecedented scale.
Ex: an event that is unprecedented in recent history

108
Q

(formal) happening or coming before the time, place, or part mentioned = previous سابق، قبلی
OPPOSITE= following

A

preceding
preceding days/weeks/months/years
Ex: income tax paid in preceding years
preceding chapter/paragraph/page
Ex: the diagram in the preceding chapter

109
Q

asking too many questions and trying to find out too many details about something or someone کنجکاو/
interested in a lot of different things and wanting to find out more about them مشتاق یادگیری

A

inquisitive
Ex: I’d have asked more questions, but I didn’t want to seem inquisitive.
Ex: a cheerful, inquisitive little boy
Ex: an inquisitive mind

110
Q

(formal) something you get legally from your work in addition to your wages= perk مزایا، عایدی

A

perquisite
Ex: One of the perquisites of his job was access to the company’s private jet.

111
Q

to slowly go up or down in value with no particular control over direction (task1) حرکت و جا به
جایی تدریجی
a slow development or change from one situation to another:

A

drift
Ex: dollar drifted lower against the yen today.
Ex: The airline’s shares drifted down 15 cents at $5.80.
Ex: The downward drift in copper prices looks like it will continue.
drift up/higher/lower/down/downward/upward/toward
Ex: There has been general unease about the drift toward a culture of selling, marketing, and consumerism.

112
Q

the power you have because of your official position توانایی، اختیار، اعتبار، کنترل

A

authority
Ex: Only the president has the authority to declare war.
Ex: I need to speak to someone in authority (=who has a position of power).
authority to do something/authority over/in authority
local/leading/health authority
under the authority of somebody
exercise/exert/wield(formal) authority = use your authority
establish/assert/impose/stamp your authority = to show people you have authority
undermine/weaken somebody’s authority (=make someone’s authority weaker)
exceed/overstep your authority (=do more than you have the power or right to do) Ex: A higher court decided that the judge had exceeded his authority.
_abuse/misuse your authority _(=use your authority in a bad way)

113
Q

to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it اداره کردن، گردانیدن، درست به کار بردن

A

wield
wield power/authority/influence
Ex: The Church wields immense power in Ireland.

114
Q

something that protects you against possible problems, especially financial loss مانع، جلوگیر/
to try to protect yourself against possible problems, especially financial loss محافظت کردن، جلوگیری کردن

A

hedge (n,v)
Ex: Buying a house will be a hedge against inflation.
Ex: Smart managers will hedge against price increases.

115
Q

to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly بهره کشی/
to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval استثمار، سواستفاده/
to use something fully and effectively بهره گرفتن/

A

exploit
Ex: zoos are exploiting koalas by charging visitors to be photographed hugging them.
Ex: Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
Ex: The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.

116
Q

(formal) to leave someone, especially when you should stay because they need you = abandon رها کردن/
to stop doing, using, or having something that you enjoy = give up /
to leave a place, especially when you do not want to پشت سر گذاشتن

A

forsake
Ex: children forsaken by their parents
Ex: She will never forsake her vegetarian principles.
Ex: He has forsaken his native Finland to live in Britain

117
Q

(formal) to cut through something completely, separating it into two parts, or to become cut in this way = cut off جداکردن، بریدن/
to end a relationship with someone, or a connection with something, especially because of a disagreement SYN break off

A

sever
Ex: Doctors worked to reattach his severed finger.
Ex: The two countries severed diplomatic relations.
sever ties/relations/connections/links (with/between somebody)

118
Q

(formal) money or other things that you get when you have to leave a company because your employer no longer has a job for you پاداش پایان خدمت، حق سنوات

A

severance package/pay
Ex: Employees will get two weeks of severance pay for every year of service.

119
Q

the amount of money you have left to spend after you have paid your taxes, bills etc درآمد در دسترس

A

disposable income
Ex: She had a large disposable income which she mostly spent on travel.

120
Q

available to be used

A

disposable
Ex: disposable resources

121
Q

fairly soon/
for as long as it is possible to know what is likely to happen/
very likely to happen in the future قابل پیش بینی، زودهنگام، نه چندان دور

A

foreseeable
Ex: There is a possibility of water shortages in the foreseeable future.
Ex: The situation is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
Ex: The judge found that it was not foreseeable that the fuel would catch fire.
Ex: foreseeable risk
Ex: foreseeable loss

122
Q

if something is done at the expense of someone or something else, it is only achieved by doing something that could harm the other person or thing به قیمت، به بهای، در ازای، به بهای از دست دادن

A

at the expense of
Ex: we need all students to flourish, not suffer at the expense of a few bright stars.
Ex: He built up the business at the expense of his health
Ex: Today we live in a globalized world and the development of global culture is often at the expense of local traditions.

123
Q

a temporary structure, framework داربست

A

scaffolding
Ex: Teachers use all sorts of scaffolding tools to help students along the path to comprehension.

124
Q

(formal) nearest in time, order, or family relationship =close نزدیکترین، مستقیم، بی فاصله/
a proximate cause is a direct one علت مستقیم

A

proximate
Ex: The proximate cause of the disaster was a piece of metal lying on the runway.

125
Q

very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience

A

intimate knowledge
Ex: This allows suppliers to specialize and to develop an intimate knowledge of customer needs and wants.

125
Q

(formal) to notice or understand something by thinking about it carefully درک کردن، پی بردن/
to be able to see something by looking carefully = perceive تشخیص دادن

A

discern
Ex: Officials were keen to discern how much public support there was.
Ex: We could just discern a town in the distance.
discernible: قابل درک
discernment: بینایی، درک، تشخیص، بصیرت Ex: His discernment in choosing the right candidates for the job impressed everyone
discernibly: آشکارا، به شکل قابل تشخیص
Ex: Their music is discernibly influenced by the classic jazz of the 1950s and ’60s.

126
Q

(formal) to ask someone for information جویا شدن، تحقیق کردن، تفتیش کردن

A

inquire=enquire
Ex: I am writing to inquire about your advertisement in ‘The Times’.
Ex: The waiter_ inquired whether_ we would like to sit near the window.
Ex: Toby would have liked to inquire further (=ask more questions).

127
Q

a question you ask in order to get information سوال، استعلام /
the act or process of asking questions in order to get information بازجویی، تحقیق، پرس و جو، کندوکاو /
an official process to find out about something

A

inquiry
Ex: We’re getting a lot of inquiries about our new London–Rio service.
Ex: inquiries from potential applicants
Ex: I don’t know who sent the gift, but I’ll _make- some inquiries.
help the police with their inquiries (=to answer questions about a crime)
Ex: The local council set up a committee of inquiry to look into policing arrangements.
Ex: a judicial inquiry into the deaths
Ex: Parents have called for an independent inquiry into the accident.
Ex: The police have launched a murder inquiry.
launch/set up/hold an inquiry
receive an inquiry Ex: The television station has received several inquiries from viewers requesting a repeat of the program.
respond to an inquiry Ex: The government has not yet answered/respond to our inquiry.

128
Q

someone who was born in or is a citizen of the same country as someone else =countryman هم وطن، هم میهن

A

compatriot
Ex: some people believe charity donations should be given to their compatriots.

129
Q

(formal) very poor = impoverished تنگ دست، تهی دست

A

indigent
Ex: Public hospitals are concerned that they will not have enough money to treat indigent people

130
Q

(formal) having very little money, especially over a long period مفلس، ته دست

A

impecunious
Ex: He came from a respectable if impecunious family.

131
Q

extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself
no home no money نیازمند

A

destitute
Ex: The floods left many people destitute.
destitution = فقر

132
Q

to make someone very poor فقیر کردن /
to make something worse in quality ضعیف کردن، بی خاصیت کردن

A

impoverish
Ex: Falling coffee prices have impoverished many developing economies.
Ex: families impoverished by debt
Ex: Fast-growing trees remove nutrients and impoverish the soil.

133
Q

someone who gives money for a good purpose انسان خیر، نیکوکار

A

benefactor
Ex: An anonymous benefactor donated $2 million.
Ex: a generous benefactor of/to the university

134
Q

a person, group etc that gives something, especially money, to help an organization or country اهدا کننده، بخشنده

A

donor
Ex: We urgently need more assistance from donor countries

135
Q

the provision of immediate, short-term relief in crisis situations, such as food, water, shelter, and medical care کمک های بشر دوستانه

A

humanitarian aid/relief

136
Q

a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened تسکین، آرامش خاطر /
money, food, clothes etc given to people who are poor or hungry کمک، اعانه، امداد

A

relief
Ex: I felt a huge surge of relief and happiness.
Ex: No one was hurt, and we all breathed a sigh of relief
with/in relief
it is a relief to know/have/see
Ex: money raised for the relief effort
Ex: famine/disaster/flood relief for victims of the drought

137
Q

a person or institution that gives money and help to people who are poor or in trouble نوع دوست، بشر دوست، نیکوکاری

A

philanthropic
Ex: philanthropic actions stem from one’s kindness and generosity
Ex: The philanthropic organization provided food and shelter to those in need

138
Q

kind and generous

A

benevolent
benevolence سخاوتمندی، عطوفت، گشاده دستی
Ex: a person might show benevolence by donating to a charity.
Ex: a benevolent smile

139
Q

when you care about or help other people, even though this brings no advantage to yourself نوع دوستی، ایثارگری، از خودگذشتگی

A

altruism
Ex: Many choose to work in developing countries out of altruism.

Ielts April 2025 (7 decks)

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