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Ielts April 2025 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Having many small parts or details
complicated / twisted / complex

A

INTRICATE (adj)
Ex: the farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals.

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2
Q

To be in a difficult situation for a long time and not complaining
Tolerate / bear / to cope with

A

ENDURE (v)
Ex: he can’t endure being apart from me.

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3
Q

To be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people
Write / formulate / produce

A

COMPOSE (v)
Ex: water is composed OF hydrogen and oxygen.

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4
Q

To do something better than someone else or be more successful
Overtake / exceed

A

OUTSTRIP (v)
Ex: ants technical achievements outstrip by far anything achieved by our ancestors.

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5
Q

Not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
ظریف / موشکافانه/ با جزئیات زیاد

A

SUBTLE (adj)
Subtly (adv)
Ex: The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.
Ex: be aware of the words that can subtly change the meaning.

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6
Q

Produced regularly or in large quantity /
Very basic item that consider must have /
Bulk / core
عمده / گیره کاغذ

A

STAPLE
Staple diet: the most important food of a region

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7
Q

Affecting many things
Broad/ wide/ extensive
فراگیر/ گسترده

A

SWEEPING
Ex: a new craze is sweeping the nation.
Sweeping changes/cuts/reforms
Ex: they want to make sweeping changes to education policies.

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8
Q

Distribute or give something especially in fixed amounts = Give out توزیع کردن/

To not use or do something that people usually do because it is not necessary
صرف نظر کردن

A

DISPENSE
Ex: Villagers dispensed tea to the visitors.

Ex: let’s dispense with formalities
Ex: Ann suggested that they dispense with speeches altogether at the wedding.
Dispense with somebody’s service = no longer employ someone معاف کردن

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9
Q

Prove more powerful چیره شدن، مسلط شدن، شایع شدن/
Persuade someone to do something قانع کردن

A

PREVAIL
Ex: it is hard for logic to prevail over emotions.
Ex: the economic conditions which prevail in England and Wales.
prevail on/upon (somebody)
Ex: she prevailed on them to give to her whatever they could spare. قانع کرد

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10
Q

The state of including something
شمول/ گنجایش

A

INCLUSION
Ex: the inclusion of her name on the list was controversial(public disagreement).

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11
Q

Change someone’s appearance so people can’t recognize them

A

DISGUISE
Disguise yourself as somebody or something
Disguise something as something
Ex: to get into the building i disguise myself as a reporter.

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12
Q

To suddenly become active or start/
Break out منفجر شدن، فوران کردن

A

ERUPT (v)
Eruption (n)
Erupt into
Ex: they were angry to the point of erupting into riot.
A volcanic eruption
The eruption of violence

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13
Q

A round piece of glass wood plastic etc that has a whole you can put on a string as jewelry

A

Bead

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14
Q

Being made into liquid by heating

A

MOLTEN (adj)
Molten glass
Molten lava

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15
Q

Forward

A

ONWARD
Onwards and upwards: toward a better condition
Ex: technology has been steadily moving onwards and upwards.

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16
Q

سرب

A

Lead

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17
Q

When the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water

A

REFRACT (v)
Refraction (n)
Refractive index

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18
Q

Officially ending a law or agreement /
Revoke/ annul/ abolish
لغو/فسخ

A

REPEAL (v n)
Ex: it is too late for the government to repeal the law before the election.

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19
Q

The money government collects from the goods that are produced inside a country

A

EXCISE (n) = TAX = LEVY
Excise tax/duty/legislation
Ex: excise duty on tobacco

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20
Q

To officially say that people must pay a tax
مالیات بستن بر

A

LEVY (v n)
Ex: a new tax levied on all electrical goods
Levy a tax/fine/charge

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21
Q

Relating or happening in one particular country
داخلی/ خانگی

A

DOMESTIC (adj)
Domestic market/economy/demand
Ex: the booming domestic economy

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22
Q

A quick increase of business activity
رونق/ توسعه
Flourish/ thrive/ prosper

A

BOOM (n v)
A boom in the market
Ex: the boom has created job opportunities.
Ex: tourism on the island has boomed.

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23
Q

The practice or science of growing flowers, fruits ,vegetables
Agriculture/ gardening

A

HORTICULTURAL
Ex: they organize guided walks through horticulturally interesting parks and woods.

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24
Q

To help a skill or feeling develop over a period of time/
Promote/encourage

A

FOSTER
Ex: we need to foster an awareness of classical music as well as contemporary music.

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25
Q

Doing something in a focused way because you have very strong feelings or beliefs/
Determined/ decisive
مصمم

A

RESOLUTE (adj)
Ex: this situation requires our resolute action.
Ex: resolute leadership
Resoluteness
Ex: we require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that nations coexist peacefully.

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26
Q

The natural home of a plant or animal

A

HABITAT (n)
Something’s natural/native habitat
A wildlife/woodland/wetland/grassland/marshland/coastland/marine habitat
Damage/destroy/provide/conserve a habitat
Loss of habitat
Destruction of habitat

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27
Q

To make a great effort to achieve something
کوشش

A

STRIVE
Strive to do something
Ex: i was still striving to be successful.
Strive for/after
Ex: we must continue to strive for greater efficiency.

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28
Q

To become very successful or strong or healthy
رونق یافتن /موفق شدن

A

THRIVE
Ex: most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.

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29
Q

To publicly support a particular way of doing something
طرفداری کردن

A

ADVOCATE
Ex: some extremists are openly advocating violence

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30
Q

To not notice something or not see how important it is
Miss/ disregard
چشم پوشی کردن، غفلت کردن

A

OVERLOOK (v)
Ex: It is easy to overlook a small detail.

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31
Q

Persistance on doing something despite difficulties/ keep trying to achieve something
Tenacity/ determination/ resoluteness پشتکار، استقامت

A

PERSEVERANCE (n)
Ex: it took perseverance to overcome his problems.

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32
Q

A place where large amounts of stone or sand dug out of the ground/ mine
معدن

A

QUARRY (n v)
Ex: a slate quarry
Ex: recycling reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried.

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33
Q

Dark and difficult to see through تیره
Shady/
involving dishonest or illegal activities/
Obscure مبهم

A

MURKY (adj)
Murky water
Ex: A murky world of fraud and secret deals
Ex: The laws on intellectual property are murky

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34
Q

Not well known and usually not important/
Difficult to understand
مبهم، نامفهوم، تیره

A

OBSCURE (adj v)
Ex:The details of his life remain obscure
Ex:obscure legal phrases

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35
Q

To understand something that is complicated or difficult /
Grasp

A

COMPREHEND (v)
Ex:she cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.

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36
Q

How large, important, or serious something is especially a problem or injury
وسعت حد

A

EXTENT (n)
To some/a certain extent(=partly)
To a large/great extent(= a large amount)
To a lesser/greater extent
To a considerable/significant extent
To a limited extent
To such an extent that
To the same extent
The extent to which
The full/actual/true extent
Know/realize/understand/discover/assess/establish/determine/reveal the extent of something

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37
Q

To take and hold something firmly/
To grip/
To completely understand a fact or idea

A

GRASP (v)
Ex: I grasped his arm firmly and led him away.
Ex: some people find the idea of relatively difficult to grasp.
Grasp an opportunity

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38
Q

The way you hold something tightly/
To hold something tightly/
Grasp

A

GRIP (n v)
A firm/tight/good/iron grip
Have/get/take a grip

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39
Q

To understand or think of something or someone in a particular way/ و تصور کردن برداشت
(Formal)To notice or recognize something/
Become conscious درک کردن

A

PERCEIVE (v)
Ex: I perceive a slight difference
Perceive something as something
Perceive somebody to be somebody
Ex: often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear
Perceptive: someone who notices things quickly
Perceived: محسوس، مشهود =detected,sensed
a perceived threat
A perceived difference

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40
Q

Able to live both in land and in water

A

AMPHIBIOUS (adj)
Ex: most species of frogs are amphibious

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41
Q

To carry out a particular activity or process to get information هدایت کردن, اداره کردن/
The way someone behaves especially in public or their job = Behavior رفتار، سلوک

A

CONDUCT (v n)
Conduct a survey/investigation/review/research/campaign/experiment
Ex: we are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food
Ex: they were arrested for disorderly conduct.
Ex: sports industry should maintain the highest standards of conduct.

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42
Q

To sent out gas, heat, light, sound
منتشر کردن، به بیرون فرستادن

A

EMIT (v)
Ex: the kettle emitted a shrill whistle

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43
Q

Happening at exactly the right moment

A

(Right/as if) ON CUE
Ex: Then, on cue, the weather changed.
Ex: as if on cue, he arrived.

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44
Q

Land that is owned by a particular country, ruler, or military force
قلمرو

A

TERRITORY (n)
Occupied/enemy/disputed/hostile/uncharted/unexplored territory

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45
Q

An animal that is hunted and eaten by other animals

A

PREY (n)
Ex: they become a prey to nameless and often unspoken fears.

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46
Q

Surprisingly large or impressive/
Magnificent شگفت انگیز بهت آور

A

STUPENDOUS (adj)
Ex: A stupendous achievement/success

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47
Q

Used to emphasize that something is extremely large Gigantic/giant/enormous/extremely large عظیم الجثه غول آسا

A

COLOSSAL (adj)
Ex: A colossal statue of the king

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48
Q

To be in charge of something or someone and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily/
Supervise

A

OVERSEE (v)
Ex: he was there to oversee the debate.

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49
Q

To be more than a particular amount/
To go beyond what rules allowed
To be better than Surpass/ outstrip
قدم فراتر نهادن، بالغ شدن بر، تجاوز کردن از

A

EXCEED (v)
Ex: economic growth exceeded expectations this year.
Exceedingly= extremely
Ex: this is small but exceedingly well-measured.

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50
Q

An activity that you do for pleasure or enjoyment
Hobby/leisure/pastime
تفریح

A

RECREATION (n)
Ex: the provision of recreation facilities
Recreation area/ground/room
Recreational activity/facility/service

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51
Q

Large in size, amount or degree
وسیع

A

EXTENSIVE (adj)
Ex: fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests.

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52
Q

To consist of particular parts/
Be composed of/
Make up
دربرداشتن
شامل بودن

A

COMPRISE (v)
Ex: women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers
Often used passive with of
Ex: the organization is comprised of four parts.
The whole of something comprises its parts

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53
Q

Including all the necessary facts, details/
Thorough/ complete/ overarching/ all-inclusive/ all-embracing

A

COMPREHENSIVE (adj)
Ex: rewarding both excellence achievers and improvements is a comprehensive approach.
A comprehensive range of something
A comprehensive study/assessment/survey/guid/report/service/programme/information
Fully/fairly/reasonably/extremely comprehensive

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54
Q

Put someone or something into a high rank or position
تمجید کردن

A

Exalt
Ex: the essay exalts the simple beauty of the country.

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55
Q

To talk about how good something is and try to persuade others

A

Preach
Ex: they preach the abolition of established systems but propose nothing to replace them
Preach the merits/benefits of something

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56
Q

To compete against someone رقابت کردن
Or
To argue that something is correct= insist ادعا کردن

A

Contend
Ex: three armed groups are contending for power
Ex: some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.

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57
Q

To have to deal with something difficult
= cope with

A

Contend with
Ex: the rescue team also had bad weather condition to contend with.

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58
Q

Energy, ability, and strength to do something or continue
سرزندگی

A

Vitality
Ex: the senator promised to restore the economic vitality of the region.

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59
Q

To sell things and goods especially illegal ones

A

Peddle
Ex: they were accused of peddling drugs.

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60
Q

To deliberately avoid someone or something
دوری و اجتناب کردن

A

Shun
Ex: some young women are shunned by their families when they become pregnant outside of marriage.

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61
Q

A special plan of food, exercise etc
= regime

A

Regimen
Ex: patients maintain a strict dietary regimen.

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62
Q

Belonging to or inherited from ancestors
اجدادی

A

Ancestral
Ex: the family’s ancestral home

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63
Q

Someone who had your job before you
Or
A machine or system that existed before another one in a process of development
Opposite: successor

A

Predecessor
Ex: Kennedy’s predecessor as president was a war hero.

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64
Q

Ancestor / forerunner

A

Forebear
Ex: if only he had lavished that kind of discrimination on their forebear.

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65
Q

To give someone or something a lot of love, praise, money etc
Or
Large, impressive, or expensive
Or
very generous

A

Lavish(v,adj)
Ex: he lavished attention on her.
Lavish something on/upon somebody
Lavish somebody with something
Ex: a royal palace on a lavish scale
Ex: we were always lavish with financial aid in times of crisis.

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66
Q

To prove or say something is wrong or unfair
=rebut/ deny
رد کردن، تکذیب کردن

A

Refute
Ex: An attempt to refute Darwin’s theories
Ex: She refuted any allegations of malpractice
Refute a hypothesis/ a claim/ an idea/ a suggestion/ an allegation

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67
Q

To stay alive when you only have small amount of food or money
= survive

A

Subsist
Ex: we had to subsist on bread and water.
Ex: old people often have to subsist on very low income.

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68
Q

A particular quality in someone’s character
خصیصه

A

Trait
Ex: a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
Ex: pride seems to be one of our family traits
Personality/ genetic/ character/ inherited traits

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69
Q

A large untidy pile of things

A

Heap
Ex: The envelopes for posting lay in a heap on her desk.
Ex: We piled the branches into heaps for burning.

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70
Q

A quality that is …….. in something is a natural part of it
ذاتی

A

Inherent
Ex: Every business has its own inherent risks.
Ex: I’m afraid the problems you mentioned are inherent in the system.

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71
Q

To mean something /
To represent or be a sign of something = indicate
نشان دادن، معنی کردن

A

Denote
Ex: what does the word ‘curriculum ‘ denote that ’course’ does not?
Ex: crosses on the map denote villages.

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72
Q

To imply or suggest in addition to the literal or primary meaning of a word
مفهوم

A

Connote
Ex: The word ‘plump’ connotes cheerfulness.

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73
Q

Something that encourages you to do something or start a new activity

A

Incentive
Create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Incentive to do something
Economic/financial/tax incentives
Ex: as an added incentive, there is a bottle of champagne for the best team.
Ex: a recycling drive, backed with financial incentives

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74
Q

(Formal)To expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them
Or
To force people to accept a rule,punishment or tax
Or
To force someone to have the same idea or belief
Or
To have a bad effect on someone or something and cause problem for them
تحمیل کردن، اعمال نفوذ کردن

A

Impose
Ex: we could ask to stay the night, but i don’t want to impose on them.
Ex: the court can impose a fine on the defendant.
Ex: parents who impose their own moral values on their children
Ex: military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.
Impose a ban/tax/burden/hardship/strain on something

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75
Q

Treating one person or group differently from others in an unfair way
Or
Recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another
تبعیض/ تمیز و تشخیص

A

Discrimination
Ex: widespread discrimination against older people in the job market.
Ex: discrimination in favor of university graduates.
Racial/sex/religious discrimination
Positive discrimination = affirmative action
Reverse discrimination
Ex: discrimination between right and wrong.

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76
Q

A person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere
پیک

A

Courier
Ex: a courier arrived with the documents just before the meeting.

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77
Q

The process of taking away an amount from a total
کسر

A

Deduction
Ex: after deduction for tax, your salary is about £700 a month.

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78
Q

The process of using the knowledge or information you have in order to understand something
استنتاج

A

Deduction
Ex: children will soon make deductions about the meaning of a word.

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79
Q

Use your knowledge and information in order to understand something
نتیجه گیری

A

Deduce
Ex: from her son’s age, i deduced that her husband must be at least 60.

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80
Q

Become less in amount or level usually just for a short time = fall
پایین آمدن

A

Dip
Ex: profits dipped below slightly last year.
Ex: temperature dipped to -10°C last night.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

The entrance to a room or building
Or
The level at which something starts to happen
آستان
آستانه

A

Threshold
Ex: she opened the door and stepped across the threshold.
Ex: eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval of the plan.
A high/low pain/boredom threshold (the ability or inability to suffer a lot of pain or boredom before you react to it)

82
Q

At the beginning of a new and important event or development
= brink

A

Be on the threshold of something
Ex: the creature is on the threshold of extinction.

83
Q

Something that must be done because it is the law or someone in authority orders it
اجباری
= obligatory(formal)
=mandatory(formal and stronger)

A

Compulsory
Ex: the threat of compulsory redundancies (when an employer needs to reduce their workforce, and the employees selected for redundancy have no option but to leave the organization)
Ex: 11 years of compulsory education
Ex: car insurance is compulsory

84
Q

Something that must be done because of a law or rule
واجب

A

Obligatory
Ex: it is obligatory for companies to provide details of their industrial processes.

85
Q

If something is……… the law says it must be done

A

Mandatory
Ex: murder carries a mandatory life sentence.
Ex: crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.

86
Q

To control an activity or process especially by rules
تنظیم کردن

A

Regulate
Ex: strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food.

87
Q

Domino effect
Knock-on effect

A

Ripple effect
Ex: the increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market.

88
Q

A continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase
تورم

A

Inflation
Ex: one key cause of persistent hunger is the inflation of food prices.
Ex: inflation is now over 16%.

89
Q

To an extent that is too large or too small in comparison with something else
به صورت نامتناسب

A

Disproportionately
Ex: a tax cut would disproportionately benefit the rich.
Ex: the inflation of food prices would disproportionately affect lower-income populations.

90
Q

To prevent something from continuing in its usual way by causing problems
منقطع کردن
مختل کردن

A

Disrupt
Ex: climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy.

91
Q

Something or someone that is involved or used in a business

A

Input
Ex: the shortage of agricultural inputs has driven up production costs globally.

92
Q

More or to a greater degree
بیشتر، به علاوه

A

Further
Ex:a spokesman declined to comment until the evidence could be studied further.

93
Q

If fighting, violence or a bad situation …….. it becomes much worse
تشدید شدن
وخیم شدن

A

Escalate
Ex: we do not want to escalate the war.
Ex: her fear was escalating into panic.

94
Q

To make a bad situation worse = aggravate
بدتر کردن
تشدید کردن

A

Exacerbate
Ex: The recession has exacerbated this problem.
Ex: traditional agricultural methods are significantly exacerbating hunger.

95
Q

To improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible
بهینه کردن

A

Optimize
Ex: they need to optimize the use of available resources.

96
Q

To make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful or serious
= alleviate
تسکین دادن

A

Mitigate
Ex: measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal.

97
Q

Tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
نوسانات

A

Volatility
Ex: the volatility of the political situation is worrying.

98
Q

To take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen/
To use a method/
apply
انجام ، اجرا

A

Implement
Ex: cost-cutting measures have been implemented in most hospitals.
Implement a policy/plan/decision

99
Q

To gradually increase in number or amount until there is a large quantity
جمع شدن، انباشتن

A

Accumulate
Ex: fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
Accumulated جمع شده
Ex: the accumulated toxins in their body.

100
Q

To cover something with water or another liquid
غوطه ور ساختن

A

Submerge
Ex: houses had been flooded and cars submerged.
Ex: drooling excessively submerges our pillow.

101
Q

To strengthen the position of power or success that you have so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer
محکم کردن
To combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with
یکی کردن

A

Consolidate
Ex: the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls.
Ex: we consolidate the information from a wide range of sources.

102
Q

The lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت

A

Deprivation
Ex: sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.
Social/economic/emotional deprivation

103
Q

Something that helps a process to develop more quickly and more strongly
محرک

A

Stimulus (pl stimuli)
Ex: tax cuts provided the stimulus the slow economy needed.
Ex: at this age, the infant begins to react more to visual stimuli.

104
Q

A protective covering that fits closely around something
غلاف

A

Sheath
Ex: The wire is covered by an outer plastic sheath.

105
Q

To cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out
عایق کردن

A

Insulate
Ex: pipes may need insulating against the cold.
Insulation(n)
Ex: good insulation can save you money on heating bills.

106
Q

To believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
نسبت دادن

A

Attribute something to someone/something
Ex: the fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.

107
Q

A quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
جنبه، صفت

A

Attribute(n)
Ex: what attributes should a good manager possess?

108
Q

To calculate the value of something and express it as a number or amount
کمی سازی کردن

A

Quantify
Ex: researchers attempt to quantify the number of hours of practice that it takes to master a skill.

109
Q

The organization of people or things so that they work together well
تناسب، هماهنگی

A

Coordination
Ex: coordination is built with repetition, whether correct or incorrect.
Ex: too much alcohol affects your coordination.
Ex: the coordination of our economic policies.

110
Q

To use a particular amount of time for something or give a particular share of money, space etc to someone or something
= allocate
تخصیص دادن، اختصاص دادن

A

Allot
Ex: frequent practice with allotted breaks are common practice habits of elite performers.
Ex: try and allot two or three hours a day to revision.

111
Q

To give support and make something stronger
تقویت کردن، مستحکم کردن

A

Reinforce
Ex: the dam was reinforced with 20000 sandbags.
Ex: the film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.

112
Q

To understand or explain something that is mysterious or complicated
حل کردن، از هم باز کردن

A

Unravel
Ex: detectives are still trying to unravel the mystery surrounding his death.

113
Q

The act of keeping something نگهداری
The continued possession, use, or control of something /
The ability to keep something in mind

A

Retention
Ex: The UN will vote on the retention of sanctions against Iraq.
Ex: we have detected a definite improvement in employee retention.
Ex: i have a real problem with retention of information.
Ex: the soil’s retention of moisture.

114
Q

To increase quickly to a high level/
To fly or rise high in the air
اوج گرفتن، بالاروی

A

Soar
Ex: her temperature soared.
Ex: the price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.

115
Q

The way you think about something and your idea of what it is like /
The way you notice things with your senses of sight or hearing etc
ادراک

A

Perception
Ex: The public perception of the government’s performance.
Ex: visual perception

116
Q

At the edge or margin / minor and too small to be important
OPPOSITE: significant

A

Marginal
Ex: marginal notes
Ex: a marginal increase in the unemployment figures

117
Q

Exactly half / partly not completely

A

Semi
Ex: a semicircle
Ex: semi-arid lands

118
Q

To move slowly and quietly without attracting attention

A

Creep
Ex: Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards over the last century.
Creep in/into/over/around/along/down/away

119
Q

To become worse
= degenerate / escalate

A

Deteriorate
Ex: America’s deteriorating economy

120
Q

Continuing for a long time

A

Prolonged (adj)
Ex: prolonged exposure to the sun

121
Q

To deliberately make a feeling or activity last longer
= lengthen

A

Prolong (v)
Ex: i was trying to think of some ways to prolong the conversation.

122
Q

To prevent or avoid problem or the need to do something
= eliminate
رفع کردن، مرتفع کردن

A

Obviate
Ex: the new treatment obviates the need for surgery.

123
Q

To move forward or progress or increase in amount

A

Advance (v)
Ex: the Kalahari desert advances into parts of South Africa.

124
Q

Operated, controlled, or influenced by something نشأت گرفتن

A

Driven by
Ex: poor agricultural land use is driven by the pressures of increasing population
Ex: computer-driven

125
Q

To tie things firmly together / to stick together in a mass

A

Bind
Ex: tree roots help to bind the soil together

126
Q

To prevent something from continuing
= stop

A

Halt
Ex: conservation of tree cover and sustainable agriculture land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soil.

127
Q

A …… plan, idea, or method can work successfully
مناسب رشد و ترقی، عملب

A

Viable
Viable Solution/ alternative/ option/ proposition/ business/
Economically/ commercially/ financially viable
Ex: a viable agricultural economy

128
Q

The ability to continue doing something difficult or painful over a long period of time تحمل، پایداری

A

Endurance
Ex: she was pushed beyond her powers of endurance.
Ex: the marathon is a test of endurance.
Physical/mental endurance
Endurance sports/training

129
Q

To think that rules are very important/
A person who insists on a certain quality
جدی و وسواسی

A

be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc
Ex: I am a stickler when it comes to accuracy.

130
Q

(Formal)Used to add information that reduces the force of what you have just said = although
اگرچه

A

Albeit
Ex: he accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
Ex: Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.

131
Q

(Formal)showing a special friendliness to other people because you share interests or ideas with them برادرانه، دوستانه

A

Fraternal (adj)
Ex: fraternal solidarity amongst union members
fraternal association/organization/society

132
Q

one of several parts that together make up a whole = constituent جزء ، مولفه

A

component
Ex: companies that make electronic components for computer products
key/major/important etc component
Ex: Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.

133
Q

extremely large = enormous عظیم، وسیع

A

immense
Ex: Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.

134
Q

at a very early stage of development جنینی، رویانی

A

embryonic
Ex: The plans are still only in embryonic form.
Ex: embryonic development
Ex: embryonic cells

135
Q

if an attitude, way of behaving etc is …….. it’s natural part of a person’s character that they are born with and cannot change نهادینه شده

A

hardwired
Ex: The desire to communicate seems to be hard-wired into our brains.

136
Q

(formal) not possible to change
تغییرناپذیر، غیرمتغیر

A

unalterable
Ex: an unalterable fact

137
Q

someone who is the first to discover or develop new methods of doing something پیشگام

A

trailblazer
Ex: a trailblazer in the field of medical research

138
Q

ordinary and not interesting because of a lack of new or different ideas = trivial پیش پا افتاده

A

banal
Ex: most of film’s dialogue was banal.

139
Q

being part of the nature or character of someone or something ذاتی، باطنی
opposite= extrinsic

A

intrinsic
Ex: the intrinsic interest of the subject
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something
Ex: Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.

140
Q

an activity which is fast and not very organized = frantic آشفته، دیوانه

A

frenetic
Ex: She rushes from job to job at a frenetic pace.

141
Q

extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings/
extremely hurried and using a lot of energy, but not very organized = hectic

A

frantic
get/become frantic
Ex: There was still no news of Jill, and her parents were getting frantic.
Ex: I spent three frantic days trying to get everything ready.
frantic effort/attempt
frantic pace/rush/haste

142
Q

making you feel that something bad is going to happen شوم، بدشگون

A

ominous
Ex: The car is making an ominous rattling sound.

143
Q

a very slight, hardly noticeable difference in manner, color, meaning etc اختلاف مختصر، نکات ظریف و دقیق

A

nuance(n)
Ex: He was aware of every nuance in her voice.
subtle/delicate nuance

144
Q

(formal) when you have to pay a fine, debt, or a cost because of something you have done/
when something unpleasant happen to you because of something you have done متحمل شدن، موجب شدن

A

incur(v)
Ex: If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal costs.
Ex: the heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th
incur expenses/costs/losses/debts
Ex: She wondered what she’d done to incur his displeasure this time.
incur somebody’s displeasure/wrath/disapproval

145
Q

to emphasize the fact that something is important or true = underline تاکید کردن

A

underscore
Ex: The report underscores the importance of childhood immunizations

146
Q

lack of agreement ناهماهنگی، ناجوری
opposite= consonance

A

dissonance(n)
dissonant(adj)
Ex: “Does this dissonance between politicians and voters matter?”

147
Q

a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice وضع نامساعد، مخمصه

A

predicament
Ex: the country’s economic predicament
Ex: Other married couples are in a similar predicament.

148
Q

a particular area of activity, work, knowledge etc حوزه، قلمرو، دایره

A

sphere
public/economic/social/private/political/domestic sphere
Ex: Unions became more active in the political sphere.
Ex: Men still controlled the public sphere.

149
Q

to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject = restrict محدود کردن
to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison
to stop something bad from spreading to another place

A

confine
Ex: We confined our study to ten cases.
confine something to something
be confined in something
Ex: He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months.
Ex: Firefighters managed to confine the fire to the living room.

150
Q

to make a plan or wish become true عملی کردن، تحقق بخشیدن

A

actualize
Ex: Mistakes are a necessary part of actualizing your vision.

151
Q

reasonable and likely to be true or successful پذیرفتنی، محتمل

A

plausible
Ex: a plausible explanation
Ex: a plausible approach

152
Q

too unusual or strange to be explained or understood = incomprehensible , strange غیرقابل توضیح، دشوار

A

inexplicable
Ex: inexplicable behavior
Ex: For some inexplicable reason, he felt depressed.

153
Q

someone who gets advantages from an action or change ذینفع /
someone who receives money or property from someone else who has died

A

beneficiary(n)
Ex: The rich were the main beneficiaries of the tax cuts.
Ex: He was the chief beneficiary of his father’s will.

154
Q

(formal) the extreme and worrying seriousness of a situation/
an extremely serious way of behaving or speaking
= seriousness وقار، جدیت، اهمیت

A

gravity
Ex: I could not hide from her the gravity of the situation.
Ex: The penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offense.
Ex: The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.

155
Q

the ability to do something well شایستگی/
(formal) a skill needed to do a particular job صلاحیت

A

competence (n)
Ex: Students will gain competence in a wide range of skills.
Ex: He questioned the competence of the government.
Ex: Typing is considered by most employers to be a basic competence. (competency)

156
Q

able to be extended or stretched
capable of being thrust out قابل تعمیم، توسعه پذیر

A

extensible
Ex: an extensible architecture designed to accommodate changes

157
Q

to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force سرکوب کردن/
if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know/
to stop yourself from showing your feelings/
to prevent something from growing or developing, or from working effectively توقیف کردن، مانع شدن

A

suppress
Ex: The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.
Ex: The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
Ex: suppressed anger
Ex: The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.

158
Q

(formal) to obtain something without permission = steal ربودن

A

purloin
Ex: He must have purloined a key from somewhere.

159
Q

the throwing off or back of light, heat, sound, or any form of energy انعکاس، بازتاب
something that shows what something else is like, or that is a sign of a particular situation

A

reflection
an accurate/true reflection
a direct/fair/sad/pale reflection
Ex: His speech was an accurate reflection of the public mood.

160
Q

to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse بدتر کردن opposite = improve
to make someone angry or annoyed = irritate خشمگین کردن

A

aggravate
Ex: Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates.
Ex: Building the new road will only aggravate the situation.
Ex: What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.

161
Q

(formal) if a particular period of time passes سپری شدن، گذشتن

A

elapse
Ex: Several months elapsed before his case was brought to trial.
Ex: The assignment must be completed within an overall elapsed time of one week.

162
Q

extremely unwilling to spend money صرفه جو، خسیس

A

parsimonious

163
Q

boundless
without limits or an end نامحدود

A

illimitable
Ex: the illimitable human capacity for evil

164
Q

the sameness
a sound that is unchanging in pitch and without intonation یکنواخت

A

monotone
Ex: He answered all the lawyer’s questions in a dull monotone.
Ex: he sat and answered the questions in a monotone.

165
Q

a thief, especially one of a group that attacks people in mountains or forests
someone who lives by robbery راهزن

A

brigand

166
Q

being determined in advance = predestination از پیش تعیین شده، تقدیر

A

foreordination
Ex: we are such good friends, it’s almost like we were foreordained to meet.

167
Q

reasonable, practical, and showing good judgment معقول/
suitable for a particular purpose, and practical rather than fashionable/
(formal) noticeable

A

sensible
Ex: It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number.
Ex: Eat a sensible diet and exercise daily.
Ex: a sensible increase in temperature
sensibility : power to perceive or feel Ex: the sensibility of the artist

168
Q

(formal) to give someone back the money that they have spent on something تسویه کردن

A

defray costs/expenses
Ex: The proceeds from the competition help to defray the expenses of the evening.

169
Q

(formal) to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do خنثی کردن، مخالفت کردن، جلوگیری کردن

A

thwart
Ex: Fierce opposition thwarted the government’s plans.
Ex: thwarted ambition

170
Q

an argument to obtain some desired action دادخواست ،تقاضا/
an excuse for something عذر

A

plea
Ex: a plea for help
Ex: The parents made an emotional plea to their child’s kidnappers.
Ex: He refused the appointment on a plea of illness.

171
Q

a well from which the water is forced up out of the ground by natural pressure چاه خودجوش

A

artesian well

172
Q

to force something into a small space چپاندن

A

cram
Ex: A lot of information has been crammed into this book.
Ex: Jill crammed her clothes into the bag.

173
Q

to flow out of something quickly in large quantities, or to make something flow out in this way بیرون ریختن، فوران کردن

A

spew
Ex: Factory chimneys spewed fumes out into the sky.
spew from/into/over
Ex: tons of carbon dioxide is spew into the atmosphere every year.

174
Q

if something bad, such as crime or disease, is widespread, and there is a lot of it and it is very difficult to control شایع، حکم فرما

A

rampant
Ex: Pick pocketing is rampant in the downtown area.
Ex: rampant inflation

175
Q

when attitudes or behavior are firmly established and therefore difficult to change ریشه دار

A

ingrained
Ex: The idea of doing our duty is deeply ingrained in most people.
Ex: ingrained habbit

176
Q

a lot of criticism, questions, complaints etc that are said at the same time, or very quickly one after another رگباری

A

barrage(n)
Ex: a barrage of questions
Ex: the barrage of advertisement we encounter every day.

177
Q

to consider that two things are similar or connected یکسان فرض کردن، برابر گرفتن

A

equate
Ex: Most people equate wealth with success.
equate sth with sth

178
Q

someone who is polite, confident, and relaxed, sometimes in an insincere way =smooth مودب، شیک

A

suave
Ex: a suave and sophisticated gentleman

179
Q

(formal) to change your attitude and become less strict or cruel towards someone = give in خرد شدن، نرم شدن

A

relent
Ex: At last her father relented and came to visit her.

180
Q

strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping بی رحم

A

relentless
Ex: her relentless determination to succeed
Ex: He questioned her relentlessly.

181
Q

to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do سرپیچی کردن، ضدیت داشتن

A

defy
Ex: people who openly defy the law
Ex: age_defying

182
Q

signs etc that clearly show something has happened or exists, often something that is a secret = trail گویای

A

telltale sign/mark/scent
Ex: They examined the child carefully, looking for telltale signs of abuse.

183
Q

to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance مصادف شدن، همزمانی
if two people’s ideas, opinions etc coincide, they are the same : coincidence منطبق شدن

A

coincide (v)
Ex: His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.
Ex: The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.
planned/timed/arranged to coincide
Ex: The interests of the US and those of the islanders may not coincide.

184
Q

becoming old and showing the effects of getting older = ageing
پیر شدن

A

senescent (adj)
Ex: a senescent industry
senescence (n)

185
Q

to refusing to accept someone as a member of a group by people طرد کردن، با ارائه عمومی تبعید کردن

A

ostracize
Ex: She was afraid that if she spoke up her colleagues would ostracize her.
Ex: he was ostracized by the other students.
ostracism (n)

186
Q

someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place همتا

A

counterpart (n)
Ex: Belgian officials are discussing this with their French counterparts.
Ex: American chief executives are paid far more than their counterparts in the UK.

187
Q

the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do(unc.) ابتکارعمل/
an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem(cou.)

A

initiative (n)
Ex: I wish my son would show more initiative.
Ex:Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative./
Ex: a new initiative for peace in the Middle East
Ex: a government initiative to help exporters

188
Q

A small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined.
A single example of something, often an animal or plant نمونه، مدل

A

specimen (n)
Ex: a blood specimen
Ex: a specimen of rock
Ex: a very fine specimen of 12th-century glass

189
Q

a quality or feeling that seems to surround or come from a person or a place هاله، تشعشع

A

aura
Ex: i am fascinated by the mysterious aura of Mona Lisa.
Ex: The building retains an aura of mystery.

190
Q

when help, advice, or other services are provided for people who would not otherwise get these services easily

A

outreach (n)
Ex: outreach centers for drug addicts
Ex: community outreach program برنامه کمک رسانی اجتماعی

191
Q

to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there قطع کردن، جلوگیری کردن، حائل شدن

A

intercept
Ex: an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
Ex: His phone calls were intercepted.

192
Q

to hide something, especially by carefully putting it somewhere. Also used when talking about hiding your feelings, especially in negative sentences مخفی کردن، پنهان کردن، پوشاندن

A

conceal
Ex: Several kilos of drugs were concealed in the back of the truck.
Ex: He could not conceal his feelings any longer.
Ex: The girl quickly concealed the photograph she had been gazing at.

193
Q

to come together in a group, opp = disperse جمع شدن، اجتماع کردن

A

congregate
Ex: Crowds began to congregate to hear the president’s speech.

194
Q

to try to fit two or more jobs, activities etc into your life, especially with difficulty/
to change things or arrange them in the way you want, or in a way that makes it possible for you to do something تقلا کردنن، چند کار را مدیریت کردن، دستکاری کردن

A

juggle
Ex: It’s hard trying to juggle a job with kids and the housework.
Ex: If I juggle these appointments around, I can fit you in.

195
Q

if a group of people disperse or are dispersed, they go away in different directions پراکنده شدن(کردن)، متفرق شدن(کردن)

A

disperse
Ex: Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
Ex: The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.

196
Q

to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground (=scatter, spread) کاشتن، پخش کردن، بذرافشانی/
to do something that will cause a bad situation in the future تنفرپراکنی

A

sow (sowed-sown)
Ex: Sow the seeds in late March.
Ex: These fields used to be sown with oats.
Ex: repressive laws that are sowing the seeds of future conflicts
sow doubt/confusion/dissatisfaction

197
Q

if a price or amount fluctuates, it keeps changing and becoming higher and lower = vary نوسان کردن، متغیر بودن

A

fluctuate
Ex: Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
Ex: Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.
Ex: The number of children in the school fluctuates around 100.

198
Q

to become gradually less, smaller etc, and often stop or disappear completely

A

tail off
Ex: Profits tailed off towards the end of the year.

199
Q

if prices, interest rates etc recede, they decrease کم شدن، دور شدن، عقب نشینی کردن

A

recede
Ex: Growth was expected to recede throughout the year.
Ex: The domestic market is receding.

200
Q

a sudden large increase in the number or rate of something

A

spike (n,v)
Ex: a spike in interest rates
Ex: New telephone orders have spiked in the last two years.
Ex: oil prices would spike and fall again.

Ielts April 2025 (7 decks)

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