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Ielts April 2025 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Having many small parts or details
complicated / twisted / complex

A

INTRICATE (adj)
Ex: the farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals.

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2
Q

To be in a difficult situation for a long time and not complaining
Tolerate / bear / to cope with

A

ENDURE (v)
Ex: he can’t endure being apart from me.

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3
Q

To be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people
Write / formulate / produce

A

COMPOSE (v)
Ex: water is composed OF hydrogen and oxygen.

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4
Q

To do something better than someone else or be more successful
Overtake / exceed

A

OUTSTRIP (v)
Ex: ants technical achievements outstrip by far anything achieved by our ancestors.

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5
Q

Not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
Exquisite/ delicate/ precise
ظریف / موشکافانه/ با جزئیات زیاد

A

SUBTLE (adj)
Subtly (adv)
Ex: be aware of the words that can subtly change the meaning.

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6
Q

Produced regularly or in large quantity /
Very basic item that consider must have /
Bulk / core
عمده / گیره کاغذ

A

STAPLE
Staple diet: the most important food of a region

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7
Q

Affecting many things
Broad/ wide/ extensive
فراگیر/ گسترده

A

SWEEPING
Ex: a new craze is sweeping the nation.
Sweeping changes/cuts/reforms
Ex: they want to make sweeping changes to education policies.

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8
Q

Distribute or give something especially in fixed amounts = Give out پخش کردن
manage without or get rid of
To not use or do something that people usually do because it is not necessary

A

DISPENSE
Ex: Villagers dispensed tea to the visitors.
Ex: let’s dispense with formalities
Ex: Ann suggested that they dispense with speeches altogether at the wedding.
Dispense with somebody’s service = no longer employ someone

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9
Q

Prove more powerful/
Persuade/
چیره شدن / مسلط شدن

A

PREVAIL
Ex: it is hard for logic to prevail over emotions.

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10
Q

The state of including something
شمول/ گنجایش

A

INCLUSION
Ex: the inclusion of her name on the list was controversial(public disagreement).

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11
Q

Change someone’s appearance so people can’t recognize them

A

DISGUISE
Disguise yourself as somebody or something
Disguise something as something
Ex: to get into the building i disguise myself as a reporter.

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12
Q

To suddenly become active or start/
Break out

A

ERUPT (v)
Eruption (n)
Erupt into
Ex: they were angry to the point of erupting into riot.
A volcanic eruption
The eruption of violence

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13
Q

A round piece of glass wood plastic etc that has a whole you can put on a string as jewelry

A

Bead

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14
Q

Being made into liquid by heating

A

MOLTEN (adj)
Molten glass
Molten lava

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15
Q

Forward

A

ONWARD
Onwards and upwards: toward a better condition
Ex: technology has been steadily moving onwards and upwards.

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16
Q

سرب

A

Lead

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17
Q

When the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water

A

REFRACT (v)
Refraction (n)
Refractive index

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18
Q

Officially ending a law or agreement /
Revoke/ annul/ abolish
لغو/فسخ

A

REPEAL (v n)
Ex: it is too late for the government to repeal the law before the election.

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19
Q

The money government collects from the goods that are produced inside a country

A

EXCISE (n) = TAX = LEVY
Excise tax/duty/legislation

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20
Q

To officially say that people must pay a tax
مالیات بستن بر

A

LEVY (v n)
Ex: a new tax levied on all electrical goods
Levy a tax/fine/charge

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21
Q

Relating or happening in one particular country
داخلی/ خانگی

A

DOMESTIC (adj)
Domestic market/economy/demand
Ex: the booming domestic economy

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22
Q

A quick increase of business activity
رونق/ توسعه
Flourish/ thrive/ prosper

A

BOOM (n v)
A boom in the market
Ex: the boom has created job opportunities.
Ex: tourism on the island has boomed.

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23
Q

The practice or science of growing flowers, fruits ,vegetables
Agriculture/ gardening

A

HORTICULTURAL
Ex: they organize guided walks through horticulturally interesting parks and woods.

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24
Q

To help a skill or feeling develop over a period of time/
Promote/encourage

A

FOSTER
Ex: we need to foster an awareness of classical music as well as contemporary music.

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25
Q

Doing something in a focused way because you have very strong feelings or beliefs/
Determined/ decisive
مصمم

A

RESOLUTE (v)
Ex: this situation requires our resolute action.
Resoluteness
Ex: we require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that nations coexist peacefully.

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26
Q

The natural home of a plant or animal

A

HABITAT (n)
Something’s natural/native habitat
A wildlife/woodland/wetland/grassland/marshland/coastland/marine habitat
Damage/destroy/provide/conserve a habitat
Loss of habitat
Destruction of habitat

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27
Q

To make a great effort to achieve something
کوشش

A

STRIVE
Strive to do something
Strive for/after
Ex: we must continue to strive for greater efficiency.

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28
Q

To become very successful or strong or healthy
رونق یافتن /موفق شدن

A

THRIVE
Ex: most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.

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29
Q

To publicly support a particular way of doing something
طرفداری کردن

A

ADVOCATE
Ex: some extremists are openly advocating violence

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30
Q

To not notice something or not see how important it is
Miss/ disregard
چشم پوشی کردن، غفلت کردن

A

OVERLOOK (v)
Ex: It is easy to overlook a small detail.

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31
Q

Persistance on doing something despite difficulties/ keep trying to achieve something
Tenacity/ determination/ resoluteness پشتکار

A

PERSEVERANCE (n)
Ex: it took perseverance to overcome his problems.

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32
Q

A place where large amounts of stone or sand dug out of the ground/ mine
معدن

A

QUARRY (n)
Ex: recycling reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried.

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33
Q

Dark and difficult to see through تیره
Shady/
involving dishonest or illegal activities/
Obscure مبهم

A

MURKY (adj)
Murky water
Ex: A murky world of fraud and secret deals
Ex: The laws on intellectual property are murky

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34
Q

Not well known and usually not important/
Difficult to understand

A

OBSCURE (adj v)
Ex:The details of his life remain obscure
Ex:obscure legal phrases

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35
Q

To understand something that is complicated or difficult /
Grasp

A

COMPREHEND (v)
Ex:she cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.

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36
Q

How large, important, or serious something is especially a problem or injury
وسعت حد

A

EXTENT (n)
To some/a certain extent(=partly)
To a large/great extent(= a large amount)
To a lesser/greater extent
To a considerable/significant extent
To a limited extent
To such an extent that
To the same extent
The extent to which
The full/actual/true extent
Know/realize/understand/discover/assess/establish/determine/reveal the extent of something

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37
Q

To take and hold something firmly/
To grip/
To completely understand a fact or idea

A

GRASP (v)
Ex: I grasped his arm firmly and led him away.
Ex: some people find the idea of relatively difficult to grasp.
Grasp an opportunity

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38
Q

The way you hold something tightly/
To hold something tightly/
Grasp

A

GRIP (n v)
A firm/tight/good/iron grip
Have/get/take a grip

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39
Q

To understand or think of something or someone in a particular way/ و تصور کردن برداشت
To notice or recognize something/
Become conscious درک کردن

A

PERCEIVE (v)
Ex: I perceive a slight difference
Perceive something as something
Perceive somebody to be somebody
Ex: often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear

Perceptive: someone who notices things quickly

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40
Q

Able to live both in land and in water

A

AMPHIBIOUS (adj)
Ex: most species of frogs are amphibious

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41
Q

To carry out a particular activity or process to get information/
هدایت کردن/ اداره کردن
Behavior

A

CONDUCT (v n)
Conduct a survey/investigation/review/research/campaign/experiment
Ex: we are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food
Ex: they were arrested for disorderly conduct.

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42
Q

To sent out gas, heat, light, sound
منتشر کردن، به بیرون فرستادن

A

EMIT (v)
Ex: the kettle emitted a shrill whistle

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43
Q

Happening at exactly the right moment

A

(Right/as if) ON CUE
Ex: Then, on cue, the weather changed.
Ex: as if on cue, he arrived.

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44
Q

Land that is owned by a particular country, ruler, or military force
قلمرو

A

TERRITORY (n)
Occupied/enemy/disputed/hostile/uncharted/unexplored territory

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45
Q

An animal that is hunted and eaten by other animals

A

PREY (n)
Ex: they become a prey to nameless and often unspoken fears.

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46
Q

Surprisingly large or impressive/
Magnificent شگفت انگیز بهت آور

A

STUPENDOUS (adj)
Ex: A stupendous achievement/success

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47
Q

Used to emphasize that something is extremely large Gigantic/giant/enormous/extremely large عظیم الجثه غول آسا

A

COLOSSAL (adj)
Ex: A colossal statue of the king

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48
Q

To be in charge of something or someone and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily/
Supervise

A

OVERSEE (v)
Ex: he was there to oversee the debate.

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49
Q

To be more than a particular amount/
To go beyond what rules allowed
To be better than Surpass/ outstrip
قدم فراتر نهادن، بالغ شدن بر، تجاوز کردن از

A

EXCEED (v)
Ex: economic growth exceeded expectations this year.
Exceedingly= extremely
Ex: this is small but exceedingly well-measured.

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50
Q

An activity that you do for pleasure or enjoyment
Hobby/leisure/pastime
تفریح

A

RECREATION (n)
Ex: the provision of recreation facilities
Recreation area/ground/room
Recreational activity/facility/service

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51
Q

Large in size, amount or degree
وسیع

A

EXTENSIVE (adj)
Ex: fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests.

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52
Q

To consist of particular parts/
Be composed of/
Make up
دربرداشتن
شامل بودن

A

COMPRISE (v)
Ex: women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers
Often used passive with of
Ex: the organization is comprised of four parts.

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53
Q

Including all the necessary facts, details/
Thorough/ complete/ overarching/ all-inclusive/ all-embracing

A

COMPREHENSIVE (adj)
Ex: rewarding both excellence achievers and improvements is a comprehensive approach.
A comprehensive range of something
A comprehensive study/assessment/survey/guid/report/service/programme/information
Fully/fairly/reasonably/extremely comprehensive

54
Q

Put someone or something into a high rank or position
تمجید کردن

A

Exalt
Ex: the essay exalts the simple beauty of the country.

55
Q

To talk about how good something is and try to persuade others

A

Preach
Ex: they preach the abolition of established systems but propose nothing to replace them
Preach the merits/benefits of something

56
Q

To compete against someone رقابت کردن
Or
To argue that something is correct= insist ادعا کردن

A

Contend
Ex: three armed groups are contending for power
Ex: some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.

57
Q

To have to deal with something difficult
= cope with

A

Contend with
Ex: the rescue team also had bad weather condition to contend with.

58
Q

Energy, ability, and strength to do something or continue

A

Vitality
Ex: the senator promised to restore the economic vitality of the region.

59
Q

To sell things and goods especially illegal ones

A

Peddle
Ex: they were accused of peddling drugs.

60
Q

To deliberately avoid someone or something
دوری و اجتناب کردن

A

Shun
Ex: some young women are shunned by their families when they become pregnant outside of marriage.

61
Q

A special plan of food, exercise etc
= regime

A

Regimen
Ex: patients maintain a strict dietary regimen.

62
Q

Belonging to or inherited from ancestors
اجدادی

A

Ancestral
Ex: the family’s ancestral home

63
Q

Someone who had your job before you
Or
A machine or system that existed before another one in a process of development
Opposite: successor

A

Predecessor
Ex: Kennedy’s predecessor as president was a war hero.

64
Q

Ancestor / forerunner

A

Forebear
Ex: if only he had lavished that kind of discrimination on their forebear.

65
Q

To give someone or something a lot of love, praise, money etc
Or
Large, impressive, or expensive
Or
very generous

A

Lavish(v,adj)
Ex: he lavished attention on her.
Lavish something on/upon somebody
Lavish somebody with something
Ex: a royal palace on a lavish scale
Ex: we were always lavish with financial aid in times of crisis.

66
Q

To prove or say something is wrong or unfair
=rebut/ deny
رد کردن، تکذیب کردن

A

Refute
Ex: An attempt to refute Darwin’s theories
Ex: She refuted any allegations of malpractice
Refute a hypothesis/ a claim/ an idea/ a suggestion/ an allegation

67
Q

To stay alive when you only have small amount of food or money
= survive

A

Subsist
Ex: we had to subsist on bread and water

68
Q

A particular quality in someone’s character
خصیصه

A

Trait
Ex: a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
Ex: pride seems to be one of our family traits
Personality/ genetic/ character/ inherited traits

69
Q

A large untidy pile of things

A

Heap
Ex: The envelopes for posting lay in a heap on her desk.
Ex: We piled the branches into heaps for burning.

70
Q

A quality that is …….. in something is a natural part of it
ذاتی

A

Inherent
Ex: Every business has its own inherent risks.
Ex: I’m afraid the problems you mentioned are inherent in the system.

71
Q

To mean something /
To represent or be a sign of something = indicate
نشان دادن، معنی کردن

A

Denote
Ex: what does the word ‘curriculum ‘ denote that ’course’ does not?
Ex: crosses on the map denote villages.

72
Q

To imply or suggest in addition to the literal or primary meaning of a word
مفهوم

A

Connote
Ex: The word ‘plump’ connotes cheerfulness.

73
Q

Something that encourages you to do something or start a new activity

A

Incentive
Create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Incentive to do something
Economic/financial/tax incentives
Ex: as an added incentive, there is a bottle of champagne for the best team.
Ex: a recycling drive, backed with financial incentives

74
Q

(Formal)To expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them
Or
To force people to accept a rule,punishment or tax
Or
To force someone to have the same idea or belief
Or
To have a bad effect on someone or something and cause problem for them
تحمیل کردن، اعمال نفوذ کردن

A

Impose
Ex: we could ask to stay the night, but i don’t want to impose on them.
Ex: the court can impose a fine on the defendant.
Ex: parents who impose their own moral values on their children
Ex: military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.
Impose a ban/tax/burden/hardship/strain on something

75
Q

Treating one person or group differently from others in an unfair way
Or
Recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another
تبعیض/ تمیز و تشخیص

A

Discrimination
Ex: widespread discrimination against older people in the job market.
Ex: discrimination in favor of university graduates.
Racial/sex/religious discrimination
Positive discrimination = affirmative action
Reverse discrimination
Ex: discrimination between right and wrong.

76
Q

A person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere
پیک

A

Courier
Ex: a courier arrived with the documents just before the meeting.

77
Q

The process of taking away an amount from a total
کسر

A

Deduction
Ex: after deduction for tax, your salary is about £700 a month.

78
Q

The process of using the knowledge or information you have in order to understand something
استنتاج

A

Deduction
Ex: children will soon make deductions about the meaning of a word.

79
Q

Use your knowledge and information in order to understand something
نتیجه گیری

A

Deduce
Ex: from her son’s age, i deduced that her husband must be at least 60.

80
Q

Become less in amount or level usually just for a short time = fall
پایین آمدن

A

Dip
Ex: profits dipped below slightly last year.
Ex: temperature dipped to -10°C last night.

81
Q

The entrance to a room or building
Or
The level at which something starts to happen
آستان
آستانه

A

Threshold
Ex: she opened the door and stepped across the threshold.
Ex: eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval of the plan.
A high/low pain/boredom threshold (the ability or inability to suffer a lot of pain or boredom before you react to it)

82
Q

At the beginning of a new and important event or development
= brink

A

Be on the threshold of something
Ex: the creature is on the threshold of extinction.

83
Q

Something that must be done because it is the law or someone in authority orders it
اجباری
= obligatory(formal)
=mandatory(formal and stronger)

A

Compulsory
Ex: the threat of compulsory redundancies (when an employer needs to reduce their workforce, and the employees selected for redundancy have no option but to leave the organization)
Ex: 11 years of compulsory education
Ex: car insurance is compulsory

84
Q

Something that must be done because of a law or rule
واجب

A

Obligatory
Ex: it is obligatory for companies to provide details of their industrial processes.

85
Q

If something is……… the law says it must be done

A

Mandatory
Ex: murder carries a mandatory life sentence.
Ex: crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.

86
Q

To control an activity or process especially by rules
تنظیم کردن

A

Regulate
Ex: strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food.

87
Q

Domino effect
Knock-on effect

A

Ripple effect
Ex: the increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market.

88
Q

A continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase
تورم

A

Inflation
Ex: one key cause of persistent hunger is the inflation of food prices.
Ex: inflation is now over 16%.

89
Q

To an extent that is too large or too small in comparison with something else
به صورت نامتناسب

A

Disproportionately
Ex: a tax cut would disproportionately benefit the rich.
Ex: the inflation of food prices would disproportionately affect lower-income populations.

90
Q

To prevent something from continuing in its usual way by causing problems
منقطع کردن
مختل کردن

A

Disrupt
Ex: climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy.

91
Q

Something or someone that is involved or used in a business

A

Input
Ex: the shortage of agricultural inputs has driven up production costs globally.

92
Q

More or to a greater degree
بیشتر، به علاوه

A

Further
Ex:a spokesman declined to comment until the evidence could be studied further.

93
Q

If fighting, violence or a bad situation …….. it becomes much worse
تشدید شدن
وخیم شدن

A

Escalate
Ex: we do not want to escalate the war.
Ex: her fear was escalating into panic.

94
Q

To make a bad situation worse = aggravate
بدتر کردن
تشدید کردن

A

Exacerbate
Ex: The recession has exacerbated this problem.
Ex: traditional agricultural methods are significantly exacerbating hunger.

95
Q

To improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible
بهینه کردن

A

Optimize
Ex: they need to optimize the use of available resources.

96
Q

To make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful or serious
= alleviate
تسکین دادن

A

Mitigate
Ex: measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal.

97
Q

Tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
نوسانات

A

Volatility
Ex: the volatility of the political situation is worrying.

98
Q

To take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen/
To use a method/
apply
انجام ، اجرا

A

Implement
Ex: cost-cutting measures have been implemented in most hospitals.
Implement a policy/plan/decision

99
Q

To gradually increase in number or amount until there is a large quantity
جمع شدن، انباشتن

A

Accumulate
Ex: fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
Accumulated جمع شده
Ex: the accumulated toxins in their body.

100
Q

To cover something with water or another liquid
غوطه ور ساختن

A

Submerge
Ex: houses had been flooded and cars submerged.
Ex: drooling excessively submerges our pillow.

101
Q

To strengthen the position of power or success that you have so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer
محکم کردن
To combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with
یکی کردن

A

Consolidate
Ex: the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls.
Ex: we consolidate the information from a wide range of sources.

102
Q

The lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
محرومیت

A

Deprivation
Ex: sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.
Social/economic/emotional deprivation

103
Q

Something that helps a process to develop more quickly and more strongly
محرک

A

Stimulus (pl stimuli)
Ex: tax cuts provided the stimulus the slow economy needed.
Ex: at this age, the infant begins to react more to visual stimuli.

104
Q

A protective covering that fits closely around something
غلاف

A

Sheath
Ex: The wire is covered by an outer plastic sheath.

105
Q

To cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out
عایق کردن

A

Insulate
Ex: pipes may need insulating against the cold.
Insulation(n)
Ex: good insulation can save you money on heating bills.

106
Q

To believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
نسبت دادن
Assign

A

Attribute something to someone/something
Ex: the fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.

107
Q

A quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
جنبه، صفت

A

Attribute(n)
Ex: what attributes should a good manager possess?

108
Q

To calculate the value of something and express it as a number or amount
کمی سازی کردن

A

Quantify
Ex: researchers attempt to quantify the number of hours of practice that it takes to master a skill.

109
Q

The organization of people or things so that they work together well
تناسب، هماهنگی

A

Coordination
Ex: coordination is built with repetition, whether correct or incorrect.
Ex: too much alcohol affects your coordination.
Ex: the coordination of our economic policies.

110
Q

To use a particular amount of time for something or give a particular share of money, space etc to someone or something
= allocate
تخصیص دادن، اختصاص دادن

A

Allot
Ex: frequent practice with allotted breaks are common practice habits of elite performers.
Ex: try and allot two or three hours a day to revision.

111
Q

To give support and make something stronger
تقویت کردن، مستحکم کردن

A

Reinforce
Ex: the dam was reinforced with 20000 sandbags.
Ex: the film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.

112
Q

To understand or explain something that is mysterious or complicated
حل کردن، از هم باز کردن

A

Unravel
Ex: detectives are still trying to unravel the mystery surrounding his death.

113
Q

The act of keeping something نگهداری
The continued possession, use, or control of something /
The ability to keep something in mind

A

Retention
Ex: The UN will vote on the retention of sanctions against Iraq.
Ex: we have detected a definite improvement in employee retention.
Ex: i have a real problem with retention of information.
Ex: the soil’s retention of moisture.

114
Q

To increase quickly to a high level/
To fly or rise high in the air
اوج گرفتن، بالاروی

A

Soar
Ex: her temperature soared.
Ex: the price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.

115
Q

The way you think about something and your idea of what it is like /
The way you notice things with your senses of sight or hearing etc
ادراک

A

Perception
Ex: The public perception of the government’s performance.
Ex: visual perception

116
Q

At the edge or margin / minor and too small to be important
OPPOSITE: significant

A

Marginal
Ex: marginal notes
Ex: a marginal increase in the unemployment figures

117
Q

Exactly half / partly not completely

A

Semi
Ex: a semicircle
Ex: semi-arid lands

118
Q

To move slowly and quietly without attracting attention

A

Creep
Ex: Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards over the last century.
Creep in/into/over/around/along/down/away

119
Q

To become worse
= degenerate / escalate

A

Deteriorate
Ex: America’s deteriorating economy

120
Q

Continuing for a long time

A

Prolonged (adj)
Ex: prolonged exposure to the sun

121
Q

To deliberately make a feeling or activity last longer
= lengthen

A

Prolong (v)
Ex: i was trying to think of some ways to prolong the conversation.

122
Q

To prevent or avoid problem or the need to do something
= eliminate
رفع کردن، مرتفع کردن

A

Obviate
Ex: the new treatment obviates the need for surgery.

123
Q

To move forward or progress or increase in amount

A

Advance (v)
Ex: the Kalahari desert advances into parts of South Africa.

124
Q

Operated, controlled, or influenced by something نشأت گرفتن

A

Driven by
Ex: poor agricultural land use is driven by the pressures of increasing population
Ex: computer-driven

125
Q

To tie things firmly together / to stick together in a mass

A

Bind
Ex: tree roots help to bind the soil together

126
Q

To prevent something from continuing
= stop

A

Halt
Ex: conservation of tree cover and sustainable agriculture land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soil.

127
Q

A …… plan, idea, or method can work successfully
مناسب رشد و ترقی، عملب

A

Viable
Viable Solution/ alternative/ option/ proposition/ business/
Economically/ commercially/ financially viable
Ex: a viable agricultural economy

128
Q

The ability to continue doing something difficult or painful over a long period of time تحمل، پایداری

A

Endurance
Ex: she was pushed beyond her powers of endurance.
Ex: the marathon is a test of endurance.
Physical/mental endurance
Endurance sports/training

129
Q

To think that rules are very important/
A person who insists on a certain quality
جدی و وسواسی

A

be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc
Ex: I am a stickler when it comes to accuracy.

130
Q

(Formal)Used to add information that reduces the force of what you have just said = although
اگرچه

A

Albeit
Ex: he accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
Ex: Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.

Ielts April 2025 (6 decks)

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