General Flashcards
Prokaryotes
No nuclear membrane or nucleoli
Simple Flagella
Cell Wall- chemically complex
No carbohydrates within plasma membrane
Small Ribosomes
Single circular chromosomes without histones
partakes in binary Fission, transfers DNA fragments only for sexual reproduction
Eukaryotes
True nucleus with a membrane membrane enclosed organelles Complex flagella cell wall (if present) simple Carbohydrates and sterols present in plasma membrane contains cytoskeleton Larger Ribosomes Mitosis and Meiosis
Prions
Infectious Proteins
no cell wall
Viruses
Genetic material wrapped in a membrane that needs a host to survive
no cell wall
can have spikes and/or capsid
RNA or DNA core
Shapes
Cocci Bacilli Coccobacilli pleiomorphic spirochetes
Gram Positive
after staining= purple Thick cell wall recognizable by the immune system resistant to lysis but can be opsonized Teichonic acid and Lipoteichoic acids located on cell wall
Gram Negative
After staining= red thin cell wall outer and inner membranes Lipopolysaccharide has porins
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A- endotoxin activity
Oligosaccharide-
O antigen- highly variable across different species
Mycobacteria
similar to gram positive
cell wall made of fatty acids and waxes
Capsule
can be either gram positive or negative
inhibits complement pathway and phagocytosis
mechanism of resistance
examples: S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides, K. pneumoniae, and H. influenza,
Obligate aerobes
need oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Dont need oxygen
can’t reproduce in the presence of oxygen
Facultative
can live with or without oxygen
usually gram positive
Spores
Gram positive rods only inactive resistant to heat contain dipicolinic acid ex: clostridium and B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and B. cereus
flagella
projections for motility
sex pili
projections for conjugation- exchange of genetic material
common pili
projections for attachment
Plasmids
small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell
usually small circular, double-stranded DNA
Spikes
Proteins projections that allow a virus to attach to and penetrate cells
Capsid
envelope that helps virus survive longer outside of a host
Replicative cycle of Virus
- Attachement to cell
- entry to cell (endocytosis)
- uncoating (dump material into cell)
4a. replication of RNA/DNA
4b. synthesis of proteins - Assembly
- Release
+ RNA
Can directly make proteins
- RNA
Has to make a template before proteins can be made
Bugs that can avoid phagocytosis
Strep. pneumoniae H. influenzae Nesseria meningitidis klebsiella pneumoniae salmonella typi
virulence of strep pneumoniae
invasion
evasion
toxin
ability to maintain residence in host via pili
Ecoli
salmonella
neisseria
streptococcus pyogenes
produce endotoxins
salmonella typhi
proteus
Neisseria meningitidis
Can produce biofilms
Staph epidermidis staph aureus strep mutans (dental plaque) listeria pseudomonas aeruginosa candida
Erysipelas, impetigo, lymphangitis, cellusitis
Staph aureus
strep pyogenes
Folliculitis
Staph aureus
P. Aeruginosa
Myonecrosis
Clostridum perfingens
secondary skin infection
staph aureus
strep pygogenes
enterobact
anerobes
bone and joint infections
staph
strep
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diabetic extremity insufficiency
Gram negative bugs
obligate anerobes
Otitis, sinusitis
viral
s. pneumoniae
h. influenzae
m. catarrhalis
pharyngitis
viral
strep pyogenes
Laryngitis
viral (parainfluenzae, RSV)
Epiglottitis
H. Influenzae
bronchiolitis
RSV, Para infl
Chronic bronchitis
s. pneumoniae
h. influenzae
m. catarrhalis
acute bronchitis
Mycoplasma
chlamydia
Community acquired pneumonia
s. pneumoniae
h. influenzae
m. catarrhalis
m. pneumoniae
c. pneumoniae
Hospital acquired pneumonia
enterobact.
p. aeruginosa
aspiration acquired pneumonia
acinetobacter
stenotrophomonas
meningitis
s. pneumoniae
MRSA
n. meningitidis
H. influenzae
encephalitis
herpes
listeria
brain abscess
MRSA S. pneumoniae H. influenzae enterobact pseudomonas b. fragilis
shunt infection
MRSA
MRSE
S. pneumoniae
bacterial infection of CNS
Turbid CSF
glucose lower than Plasma
proteins higher than plasma
lots of neutrophils
Viral infection of CNS
Clear CSF
normal glucose
normal or high proteins
less WBC
endocarditis
staph
strep
signs and symptoms of bactermia/ endocarditis
fatigue
night sweats
nodules on skin
hemorrhages of skin
Gastroenteritis and diarrhea
Norovirus/ rotavirus salmonella/shigella campylobacter ecoli clostridia
inflammation Gastroenteritis
ecoli
salmonella
shigella
campylobacter
non-inflammation Gastroenteritis
virus
vibrio
ecoli
Gi infections
gram negative bugs
anerobes (b. fagilis)
enterococci
strep
UTI
ecoli
gram negative bacteria
enterococci
staph saprophylicus
prostatitis, cervicitis urethritis
N. gonorrhoeae
chlamydia
chronic prostatitis
enterobacteraciae
pseudomonas
enterococci
Pelvic inflammatory disease
N. gonorrhoeae
chlamydia trachomatis
bacteroides
superficial surgeries
Staph
strep
gram neg bacteria
deep surgeries
Gram neg bacteria
anerobes
enterococci
strep
