General Flashcards by Ashley singleton

Prokaryotes

No nuclear membrane or nucleoli
Simple Flagella
Cell Wall- chemically complex
No carbohydrates within plasma membrane
Small Ribosomes
Single circular chromosomes without histones
partakes in binary Fission, transfers DNA fragments only for sexual reproduction

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Eukaryotes

True nucleus with a membrane
membrane enclosed organelles
Complex flagella
cell wall (if present) simple
Carbohydrates and sterols present in plasma membrane
contains cytoskeleton
Larger Ribosomes
Mitosis and Meiosis

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Prions

Infectious Proteins

no cell wall

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Viruses

Genetic material wrapped in a membrane that needs a host to survive
no cell wall
can have spikes and/or capsid
RNA or DNA core

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Shapes

Cocci
Bacilli
Coccobacilli
pleiomorphic
spirochetes

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Gram Positive

after staining= purple
Thick cell wall
recognizable by the immune system
resistant to lysis but can be opsonized
Teichonic acid and Lipoteichoic acids located on cell wall

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Gram Negative

After staining= red
thin cell wall
outer and inner membranes
Lipopolysaccharide
has porins

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Lipopolysaccharide

Lipid A- endotoxin activity
Oligosaccharide-
O antigen- highly variable across different species

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Mycobacteria

similar to gram positive

cell wall made of fatty acids and waxes

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Capsule

can be either gram positive or negative
inhibits complement pathway and phagocytosis
mechanism of resistance
examples: S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides, K. pneumoniae, and H. influenza,

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Obligate aerobes

need oxygen

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Obligate anaerobes

Dont need oxygen

can’t reproduce in the presence of oxygen

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Facultative

can live with or without oxygen

usually gram positive

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Spores

Gram positive rods only
inactive 
resistant to heat
contain dipicolinic acid
ex: clostridium and B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and B. cereus

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flagella

projections for motility

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sex pili

projections for conjugation- exchange of genetic material

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common pili

projections for attachment

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Plasmids

small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell
usually small circular, double-stranded DNA

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Spikes

Proteins projections that allow a virus to attach to and penetrate cells

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Capsid

envelope that helps virus survive longer outside of a host

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Replicative cycle of Virus

Attachement to cell
entry to cell (endocytosis)
uncoating (dump material into cell)
4a. replication of RNA/DNA
4b. synthesis of proteins
Assembly
Release

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+ RNA

Can directly make proteins

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Has to make a template before proteins can be made

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Bugs that can avoid phagocytosis

Strep. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Nesseria meningitidis
klebsiella pneumoniae
salmonella typi

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virulence of strep pneumoniae

invasion evasion toxin

ability to maintain residence in host via pili

Ecoli salmonella neisseria streptococcus pyogenes

produce endotoxins

salmonella typhi proteus Neisseria meningitidis

Can produce biofilms

``` Staph epidermidis staph aureus strep mutans (dental plaque) listeria pseudomonas aeruginosa candida ```

Erysipelas, impetigo, lymphangitis, cellusitis

Staph aureus | strep pyogenes

Folliculitis

Staph aureus | P. Aeruginosa

Myonecrosis

Clostridum perfingens

secondary skin infection

staph aureus strep pygogenes enterobact anerobes

bone and joint infections

staph strep pseudomonas aeruginosa

Diabetic extremity insufficiency

Gram negative bugs | obligate anerobes

Otitis, sinusitis

viral s. pneumoniae h. influenzae m. catarrhalis

pharyngitis

viral | strep pyogenes

Laryngitis

viral (parainfluenzae, RSV)

Epiglottitis

H. Influenzae

bronchiolitis

RSV, Para infl

Chronic bronchitis

s. pneumoniae h. influenzae m. catarrhalis

acute bronchitis

Mycoplasma | chlamydia

Community acquired pneumonia

s. pneumoniae h. influenzae m. catarrhalis m. pneumoniae c. pneumoniae

Hospital acquired pneumonia

enterobact. | p. aeruginosa

aspiration acquired pneumonia

acinetobacter | stenotrophomonas

meningitis

s. pneumoniae MRSA n. meningitidis H. influenzae

encephalitis

herpes | listeria

brain abscess

``` MRSA S. pneumoniae H. influenzae enterobact pseudomonas b. fragilis ```

shunt infection

MRSA MRSE S. pneumoniae

bacterial infection of CNS

Turbid CSF glucose lower than Plasma proteins higher than plasma lots of neutrophils

Viral infection of CNS

Clear CSF normal glucose normal or high proteins less WBC

endocarditis

staph | strep

signs and symptoms of bactermia/ endocarditis

fatigue night sweats nodules on skin hemorrhages of skin

Gastroenteritis and diarrhea

``` Norovirus/ rotavirus salmonella/shigella campylobacter ecoli clostridia ```

inflammation Gastroenteritis

ecoli salmonella shigella campylobacter

non-inflammation Gastroenteritis

virus vibrio ecoli

Gi infections

gram negative bugs anerobes (b. fagilis) enterococci strep

UTI

ecoli gram negative bacteria enterococci staph saprophylicus

prostatitis, cervicitis urethritis

N. gonorrhoeae | chlamydia

chronic prostatitis

enterobacteraciae pseudomonas enterococci

Pelvic inflammatory disease

N. gonorrhoeae chlamydia trachomatis bacteroides

superficial surgeries

Staph strep gram neg bacteria

deep surgeries

Gram neg bacteria anerobes enterococci strep