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فارما > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacology:

A

Can be defined as the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical processes

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2
Q

How drugs interact with living systems?

A

By bindig to regulatory molecule and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

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3
Q

Drugs porpuse:

A

It administerated to achieve a beneficial theraputic effect on some process within the patient or for their toxic effects on regulatory processes in parasite infecting the patient

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4
Q

What is a drug?

A

A drug may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions.

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5
Q

Natural Sources of drugs:

A

Plant: atropin from atropa belladonna, digoxin from digitalis purpurea
Animals: insuline from pork/beef
Minerals: iron, iodine
Microorganisms :penicillin from penicillium nonatum

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6
Q

Synthetic drugs:

A

Aspirin, steroids, barbiturate

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7
Q

Semisynthetic drugs:

A

Prepared by modification of natural drug e.g ampicillin from penicillin G

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8
Q

Biosynthetic drug:

A

Human insulin(humulin) prepared by cloning of human insulin into bacteria (genetic engineering)

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9
Q

Nomenclature of drugs:

A

Chemical name
Generic name
Trade mark or band name

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10
Q

Dosage forms of drugs:

A

Tablets
Capsule
Lozenges
Powders
Suppositories
Creams
Ointment

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11
Q

Liquid dosage form:

A

Ampules : contains one dose of the drug
vials: contains number of doses of the drug
Syrup
Tinctures
Emulsion
Lotion
Drops

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12
Q

Why insulin cant take it orally?

A

1.it can be destroyed in GIT by peptidase.
2.its first pass metabolism is high and its bioavillability is low

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13
Q

Why insulin has low availability?

A

Because its first pass mb is high

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14
Q

Systemic Routes of drug administration:

A

Enteral: oral, sublingual, rectal
Parenteral: inhalational, injection, transdermal

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15
Q

Injections:

A

I.v, i.m, s.c
Intra-arterial
Intra-articular
Intrathecal
Intradermal

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16
Q

Local routes of administerations:

A

Skin topical, intranasal, ocular drops, mucosal-throat, vagina, mouth, ear
Inhalation and transdermal inj

17
Q

Disadvantages of oral route:

A

Ineffecient for drugs with low solubility
Not suitable for polar drugs
Some drugs destructed in acidic media
Irritation of gastric mucosa
Not suitable in emergencies
It is affected by gastric content and other drugs
First pass effect

18
Q

First pass effect (presystemic mb)

A

Term used for hepatic metabolism of a drug when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation

19
Q

E.g for first pass mb in gut:

A

Benzylpenicillin and insulin

20
Q

Bioavailability(F):

A

The term bioavailability is used to indicate the fraction of an orally administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation as intact drug

21
Q

Factors affecting bioavailability:

A

Gastric emptying and gastric motility
GIT disease
Food
1st pass mb
Drug-Drug interaction
Surface area of absorption
Route of administeration
Pharmaceutical factors: particle size, salt form, degree of ionization, etc.

22
Q

Explain why?
Aspirin has bettr absorption in stomach but it is higher in intestine.

A

Because of the high surface area

23
Q

E.g of sublingual route

A

Nitroglycerine

24
Q

Advantages of suingual route:

A

Rapid action, rapid absorption
Avoid 1st pass mb
Drug action can be terminated by its removal

25
Q

Disadvantage of sublingual route

A

Irritation of buccal mucosa
Risk of swallowing

26
Q

Adv of rectal route

A

Avoid 1st pass
Useful for patients unable to take drug orally e.g, in case of vomiting, unconscious patients
Suitable for young children
Rapid absorption ( rectal area rich in blood supply)

27
Q

Disadv of rectal route

A

Inconvenient
Irregular, incomplete absorption
Chronic use causes recral inflammation

28
Q

Adv of i.v, i.a route:

A

Accurate
suitable for polar drug
Suitable for irritant drug
Rapid effect
Avoid 1st pass mb
Suitable in emergencies
100% bioavailability

29
Q

Dis of iv,i.a route

A

Need sterilization
Local irritation, tissue damage
Drug once given can not be removed easily as in case of toxicity or hs
Risk of infection
Risk of embolism
Drug if given in large dose rapidly causes toxicity

30
Q

Adv of i.m route:

A

Suitable for irritant drugs
Uniform and fast absorption
High bioavailability

31
Q

DisAdv of i.m route:

A

Pain at site of injection
Not suitable for large volume
Inconvenient
Risk of mis-injection in artery, vein or nearby nerve

32
Q

Depot preparation:

A

Drugs that given IM in oily solution to delay their absorption

33
Q

Adv of s.c route

A

Suitable for self irritant drugs
Painful
Repeate injection at same site causes lipodystrophy
No suitable for large volume

34
Q

Transdermal route

A

Transdermal patches can provide prolonged or controlled drug delivery.
Systemic absorption is better with low dose, low MWt, lipid soluble drugs

فارما (10 decks)

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