General Flashcards
Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections
True
Arthropod borne infections are direct infections
False
Arthopod borne infections are indirect infections
True
Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections
True
Venereal infections is a direct infection
True
In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the veterinarian
True
Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic
False
In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the host
True
In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air
True
Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection
False
In the case of aerogenic infection the agent is transmitted by the air
True
Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection
False
In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans
True
Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water
False
If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal
False
The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal
True
The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates the pathogen
True
The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance
False
Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in water
False
Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills agents
False
Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs
True
Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals
True
Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals
False
Germinative infection is seen in mammals
True
Mammals can infect their offspring through milk
True
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
False
Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam
True
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
False
Horizontally infections happen only in birds
False
Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the foetuses
False
Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the antibodies in the colostrum prevent it
False
In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other
True
Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals
True
Germinative infection can happen in birds
True
Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections
False
If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection
False
Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals
False
In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk
True
In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the same age
True
Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals
False
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
False
Germinative infection does not occur in mammals
False
Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals
False
In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy
False
Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection
False
In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk
False
Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans
True
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
False
If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis
True
If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses
False
Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission
True
In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other
True
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source
True
In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen
True
In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal
False
In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously
False
In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus
False
Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors
True
Stenoxen agents have a wide host range
False
Euryxen agents have a wide host range
True
An euryxen agent can infect several host species
True
There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host
False
Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence
True
Immunogenicity of the different agents is different
True
There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals
True
A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection
True
Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value
True
Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease
True
Virulence means the level of pathogenicity
True
The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can replicate in the host
False
In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease
True
The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors
True
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent
False
The way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome
True
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously
True
In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection
True
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed
True
The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease
True
Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
True
Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
True
Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents
False
Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur
False
Foetuses can have active immune response
True
Newborn animals have local immune response
True
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
False
Fetuses have no active immune response
False
The skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance
system of the host
True
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it
False
Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals
False
The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent
False
Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age
True
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts
True
Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts
True
Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant host species
True
Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance
True
Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents
True
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
True
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases
True
Gastric juice can protect the host from infections
True
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen
False
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth
False
Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents
True
Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases
True
Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment
True
Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system
True
Certain mycotoxins have immune suppressive effect
True
Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases
True
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases
True
Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes
True
The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections
True
In the case of a local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place
True
Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases
True
Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases
True
Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases
True
Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus
False
Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them
False
The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death of the animal
False
The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs
True
The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs
True
Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect
True
Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses
True
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days
False
Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate the placenta
False
In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry
True
In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood
True
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus
False
Some agents can spread along the nerves
True
The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts
False
Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs
False
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
False
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of the host
True
In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed
False
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding
True
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
False
The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it
False
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction
False
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
True
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
False
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections
False
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent
True
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
True
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
True
When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished
False
In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen
True
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
False
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
True
Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents
False
In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
True
Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria
False
In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen
True
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations
False
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts
False
In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent
True
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology
False
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology
True
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive
False
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen
False
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest
False
Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease
False
Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
True
Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die
False
Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
False
Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased ones
True
Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd
False
Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the herd
False
Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases ones
False
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease
True
Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents
True
Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth
True
Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents
True
Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village
True
Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents
False
Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread
False
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries
True
Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other
True
Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock
False
Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents
False
Genome of agents is detected with PCR
True
Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR
False
Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR
False
Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests
False
Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus
False
Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies
True
MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis
True
MATSA is a form of disease
False
Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore
False
If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent
False
The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests
True
Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent
True
Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent
True
Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent
False
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
True
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis
True
Microscopic examination of samples is not used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases any more
False
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases
False
Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases
True
Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases
True
No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases
False
Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU
False
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease
True
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiologic treatment in the case of bacterial diseases
True
All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment
False
Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications
True
Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary infections
True
Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by bacteria
True
Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of antibiotic resistance
False
Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited
True
Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals
True
In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given
False
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs
False
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance
False
There is no anti-viral therapy
False
Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases
True
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable
True
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections
True
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs
False
Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine
True
Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks to the different hatching time
False
All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases
True
Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases
True
”All-in-all-out” principle is a general epidemiological rule
True
Isolated keeping of different animal species can prevent the spreading of infectious diseases
True
Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same agents
False
Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk immunity
False
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing
True
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response
True
There is no maternal protection in birds
False
Maternal protection occurs only in mammals
False
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with
epitheliochorial placenta
True
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days
True
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
False
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta
False
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum
True
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
True
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam
True
The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving
False
Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing
False
Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through the placenta
False
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves
True
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth
False
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
False
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization
True
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
False
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes
True
The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth
False
The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth
False
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth
True
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination
True
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth
True
The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth
False
The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines
True
Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum
True
Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum
True
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
False
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection
False
Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains
True
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines
True
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination
True
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
False
Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins
True
The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination
False
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines
True
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines
True
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines
False
In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be differentiated
True
Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components
True
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born animals
False
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines
False
According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated
True
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
True
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains
True
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines
True
For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used
False
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence
True
Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents
False
Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains
True
Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones
False
Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more
False
Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more
False
Live vaccines do not provide good immunity
False
Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination
False
It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU
False
Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents
True
The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals
True
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
True
Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
True
Use of marker vaccines can be combined with “test and remove” eradication
True
Marker vaccines are marked with dyes
False
The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low
False
Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive
True
Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response
True
Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore
False
The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine
False
Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays
False
Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used
True
Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd
False
Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry
False
Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication
False
Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication
True
Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds
False
In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure
False
Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination
True
In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the age of 1-3 days
True
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection
True
When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd
True
Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication
True
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds
True
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
False
Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift
True
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease
False
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease
True
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals
True
In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated
True
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected
False
The selection method cannot be combined vaccination
False
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection
True
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment
True
In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals
True
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals
True
In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd
True
If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden
False
Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used
True
Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine
False
Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease
True
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated
True
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated
False
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used
False
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore
False
Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore
False
