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Bio 120 Final > gene structure and expression > Flashcards

gene structure and expression Flashcards

1
Q

gene expression

A

the flow of genetic information from the genotype ot the phenotype

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2
Q

order of replication

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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3
Q

Transcription

A

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

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4
Q

Translation

A

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

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5
Q

Most of the genes are ______ into mRNA, and then the mRNA is _____ into polypeptide

A

transcribed, translated

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6
Q

Where do both transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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9
Q

Transcription promoter

A

A DNA sequence that RNA polymerase binds

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10
Q

regulatory sequences

A

sections of DNA that are involved in controlling if the gene is turned on or off

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11
Q

transcribed region

A

contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence

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12
Q

Terminator

A

A special sequence that causes the RNA strand to be released from the transcription complex.

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13
Q

transciption factors

A

Regulate transcription by binding to those promoters of to RNA polymerases

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14
Q

TATA box

A

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. Eukaryotes.

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15
Q

Pribnow box

A

Also known as the -10 sequence, consists of a sequence TATAAT that is used as a promoter for DNA transcription. Prokaryotes.

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16
Q

How many strands used as a template in transcription

A
  1. Runs in 3’-5’
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17
Q

3 phases of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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18
Q

Where does prokaryotic transcription occur?

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

Where does eukaryotic transcription occur?

A

nucleus

20
Q

how does transcription initiate in prokaryotes

A

A single sigma factor

21
Q

how does transcription initiate in eukaryotes

A

5 general transcriptional factors

22
Q

Process of Transcription

A

RNA polymerase uses ATP to read the DNA strand and form an mRNA strand in the nucleus

23
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

24
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

25
Q

RNA splicing

A

Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.

26
Q

Alternate splicing of mRNA

A

primary mRNA transcript can be processed to include or exclude different exon such that the various mature mRNAs can be translated into proteins with different functions

27
Q

Capping

A

The process of linking a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5’ end of eukaryotic RNAs. The 5’ cap protects the mRNA from degradation and is required for translation in the cytoplasm.

28
Q

Tailing

A

a poly A tail is added to the most mature eukaryotic mRNAs at the 3’ end

29
Q

What does a a fully processed mRNA include?

A

5’cap, 5’ UTR, coding region between start and stop codon, 3’UTR, and a poly (A) tail.

30
Q

start codon

A

AUG

31
Q

stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

32
Q

codon usage bias

A

A bias in which certain codons occur more frequently than others that specify the same amino acid

33
Q

coding strand

A

the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine

34
Q

gene mutation

A

A change in the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene

35
Q

base-pair substitution

A

A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

36
Q

missense mutation

A

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

37
Q

silent mutation

A

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

38
Q

nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

39
Q

frameshift mutation

A

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

40
Q

What does translation require

A

AA, ATP/GTP, Enzymes and proteins, RNAs, Ribosomes.

41
Q

Anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

42
Q

Aminoacylation

A

the process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid

43
Q

prokaryote ribosome size

A

30S + 50S = 70S

44
Q

Eukaryote ribosome size

A

40S + 60S = 80S

45
Q

How many binding sites do each ribosome have

A
  1. A= Aminoacyl tRNA binding site. P=Peptidyl-tRNA binding site. E=Exit site.

Bio 120 Final (6 decks)

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