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Bio 120 Final > DNA, structure, replication and organization > Flashcards

DNA, structure, replication and organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Hershey-Chase experiments

A

Concluded that the DNA was the genetic material in a virus

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2
Q

DNA structure

A

DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. Antiparallel.

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3
Q

Nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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4
Q

What nitrogen bases pair together?

A

A-T and C-G

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5
Q

What is a pentose?

A

5 carbon sugar

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6
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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8
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

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9
Q

How to read DNA

A

5’ to 3’

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10
Q

RNA structure

A

single strand polynucleotide. Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

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11
Q

Three major types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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12
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

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13
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

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14
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

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15
Q

how id the genetic information coded in the DNA molecule

A

must lie on the linear sequence of nitrogen bases.

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it’s new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.

17
Q

semiconservative replication

A

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

18
Q

conservative replication

A

the parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new molecule

19
Q

dispersive replication

A

a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules

20
Q

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

A

determined that DNA replication was semiconservative

21
Q

replication fork

A

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

22
Q

leading strand template

A

The DNA template strand for the leading strand. 3’.

23
Q

lagging strand template

A

The DNA template strand for the lagging strand. 5’.

24
Q

leading strand

A

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’ to 3’ direction.

25
Q

lagging strand

A

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’ to 3’ direction away from the replication fork.

26
Q

DNA helicase

A

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication

27
Q

Topoisomerase

A

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands. makes linear.

28
Q

DNA primase

A

synthesis of RNA primer. Starts the replication.

29
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

30
Q

DNA clamp

A

A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand.

31
Q

DNA polymerases

A

a group of enzymes that bond the new nucleotides together

32
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.

33
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together

34
Q

replication origin

A

nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated

35
Q

How many origins of replication do eukaryotes have?

A

multiple

36
Q

How many origins of replication do prokaryotes have?

A

1

Bio 120 Final (6 decks)

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