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Cell Bio - Lucas > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

TCR

A

Transcriptional Control Region

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2
Q

UTR

A

Untranslating Region

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3
Q

PIC

A

pre-initiation complex

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4
Q

CTD

A

C-terminal domain

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5
Q

PAP

A

polyadenylate polymerase

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6
Q

IFB

A

Initiation Factor Binding

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7
Q

HAT

A

Histone acetyltransferase

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8
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

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9
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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10
Q

TF2D

A

Transcription factor 2D (binds to TATA box to kick off transcription) (PIC forms around TF2D + TATA box)

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11
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

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13
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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14
Q

5’ Cap

A

the location of binding for eIF4E on mRNA. Add what it is though?

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15
Q

5’ UTR

A

The region between the 5’ cap and the initiator sequence on mRNA

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16
Q

CPSF

A

Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor

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17
Q

eIF2

A

Eukaroytic initiation factor 2D

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18
Q

Exit Site

A

Ribosomal exit site. What leaves? tRNA ?

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19
Q

Histone Tail

A

A tail on the histone protein (part of nucleosome) made of lysine.

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20
Q

HDAT

A

histone deacetyltransferase

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21
Q

Genes

A

a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome. A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring

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22
Q

snRNP

A

part of the lariat when it is removed from the pre-mRNA

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23
Q

Exons

A

part of pre-mRNA and coding sequence. All are spliced in during constitutive splicing. Some spliced out during alternative splicing.

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24
Q

eIF4E. Binds to the 5’ cap. 5’ caps best friend.

A

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E

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25
Q

eIF4A

A

bind to 43S PIC. Also known as helocase

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26
Q

eIF4G

A

binds to 43S PIC.

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27
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genetic material present in a cell / organism

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28
Q

lariat

A

excised intron as well as the snRNP molecules from 5’ and 3’ splice site. Also a rope used for lasso or tethering

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29
Q

43S PIC

A

40S subunit + ternary complex

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30
Q

48S PIC

A

40S subunit + ternary complex + eIF4A + eIF4G + eIF4E

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31
Q

Lysine

A

An AA. Has a positive charge. Is essential (can not be made by the body)

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32
Q

Acetyl

A

A functional group that can be added to lysine

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33
Q

Purines

A

A type of nucleotide that has two ring structure (6 and 5). Guanine and adenine are examples.

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34
Q

RNA POL 2

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase 2

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35
Q

introns

A

part of pre-mRNA. All are spliced out during splicing

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36
Q

premRNA

A

precursor mRNA

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37
Q

Cytosol

A

One of the liquids found inside the cell

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38
Q

Ternary

A

Three

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39
Q

Histone

A

A protein found in DNA. DNA is wrapped around it, eight of them exist in each nucleosome. Have a positively charged tail

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40
Q

Guanine

A

A nucleotide

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41
Q

Topology

A

The way in which constituent parts are interrelated or arranged (also study of protein structure)

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42
Q

Promoter

A

contains local regulatory sequences, TATA sequence, and initiator sequence (20-500 base pairs) (where RNA Pol 2 binds)

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43
Q

Abortion

A

The process of the RNA being left without completion maybe because CTD phosphorylation didnt occur and capping enzyme didnt get summoned.

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44
Q

Enhancer

A

Regions in the TCR (transcriptional control region) that are approx 500 - 10 000 nucleotides upsteram of initiator sequence. Activators bind to them

45
Q

Helocase

A

eIF4A

46
Q

Exit site

A

the tRNA molecule detaches from the amino acid and exits the riboome

47
Q

Acceptor

A

Ribosomal acceptor site

48
Q

Peptidyl

A

Ribosomal peptidyl site

49
Q

Silencer

A

Regions in the TCR (transcriptional control region) that are approx 500 - 10 000 nucleotides upsteram of initiator sequence. Repressors bind to them

50
Q

Histidine

A

non-toxic form of histamine

51
Q

Histamine

A

Messaging molecule

52
Q

Virophage

A

Virus that affects other viruses

53
Q

CpG island

A

genomic regions that have a high frequency of CpG dinucleotides. (70% of genes have these within their promoter region.)

54
Q

3’ Termini

A

the 3’ end of mRNA, the poly-A tail

55
Q

Guanosine

A

A nucleoside (nucleotide w a phosphate group)

56
Q

Nucleosome

A

A unit of measure. Amount of DNA that can wrap around 8 histones.

57
Q

Initiation

A

The first step of transcription

58
Q

Elongation

A

The second step of transcription

59
Q

Methionine

A

An amino acid found in the ternary complex. Non-essential

60
Q

hydrolysis

A

opposite of condensation. to break down with water.

61
Q

Activators

A

Bind to enhancer regions in TCR to increase transcription rates by stabilizing the PIC

62
Q

Repressors

A

bind to silencer to decrease transcription rates by destabilizing the PIC

63
Q

Pyrimidines

A

A type of nucleotide that has one ring structure (6). Examples are cytosine and thymine. Think of the ‘Y’.

64
Q

Poly (A) tail

A

The end of the mRNA molecule made up of multiple adenosine nucleotides

65
Q

Termination

A

Third step of transcription. RNA Pol 2 gets off the DNA template stand

66
Q

Poly (A) sign

A

where CPSF cleaves mRNA

67
Q

3’ splice site

A

where the snRNP attaches closer to the 3’ end

68
Q

5’ splice site

A

where the snRNP attaches closer to the 5’ end

69
Q

Alternative

A

All introns spliced out, some exons spliced in

70
Q

Translation

A

the process by which mature mRNA is used to code for proteins. Occurs in the cytosol

71
Q

dehydration

A

forming a product and one biproduct is water

72
Q

Histone Tail

A

positively charged, made up of the AA lysine. Interacts with phosphate backbone

73
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in the cell. Powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is transferred from the mother.

74
Q

TATA Sequence

A

binding site for transcription (transcription factor 2D)

75
Q

condensation

A

a reaction where one of the biproducts is water

76
Q

Acceptor site

A

a location on the ribosome where a tRNA molecule carrying the appropriate AA enters the ribosome

77
Q

Peptidyl site

A

where the AA form peptide bonds (therefore form a polypeptide).

78
Q

Constitutive

A

one gene, one protein

79
Q

Poly (A) signal

A

A sequence on the coding region of pre-mRNA that tells the CPSF where to cleave

80
Q

Capping enzyme

A

Binds to RNA pol 2. Responsible for adding 5’ cap to RNA during elongation. Occurs when the RNA Pol 2 is phosphorylated by kinase.

81
Q

precursor mRNA

A

RNA that exists with introns and w/o the poly-A tail

82
Q

Constitutive

A

All introns spliced out, all exons spliced in

83
Q

Nuclear export

A

moving out of the nucleus

84
Q

Polyadeylation

A

The process of adding adenines to the 3’ end of mRNA to make poly-A tail

85
Q

Ternary complex

A

Made up of eIF2, GTP, and tRNA + methionine. When bound to 40S subunit form the 43S PIC

86
Q

DNA methylation

A

a method of transcriptional regulation where methyl groups are added to nucleotides (cytosine)

87
Q

CpG dinucleotides

A

cytosine nucleotide followed by a guanine nucleotide

88
Q

Initiator Sequence

A

Where transcription begins

89
Q

CTD phosphoylation

A

the process of RNA Pol 2 being phosphorylated and therefore a 5’ cap being added by the capping enzyme. If it doesnt happen the RNA is aborted

90
Q

Phosphate backbone

A

the ‘spine’ of the DNA structure.

91
Q

Terminator Sequence

A

The sequence on DNA that ends transcription

92
Q

Regulatory Sequences

A

Enhancers and Silencers

93
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

All introns spliced out, some exons spliced in

94
Q

DNA methyltransferase

A

the enzyme that facilitates DNA methylation

95
Q

Transcription Factor 2D

A

Transcription factor 2D (binds to TATA box to kick off transcription) (PIC forms around TF2D + TATA box)

96
Q

Pre-initiation complex

A

binds to the promoer region + enhancers and composed of 100+ proteins

97
Q

Constitutive Splicing

A

All introns spliced out, all exons spliced in

98
Q

Histidine Decarboxylase

A

converts histidine to histamine (found in bacterial cells, which appear during rotting of fish) and in the cytoplasm of cells

99
Q

Polyadenylate Polymerase

A

the enzyme that facilitates polyadenylation

100
Q

Initiation Factor Binding

A

process by which eIF1A and eIF3 are added to 40S subunit. First step of translational process.

101
Q

Cotranscriptional Capping

A

occurs during elongation. The 5’ cap is added to the pre-mRNA

102
Q

Histone Acetyltransferase

A

enzyme that increases the rate of transcription by adding acetyl groups to lysine tail, therefore decreasing how tightly wound the DNA is.

103
Q

Transcriptional Regulation

A

regulating the process of DNA to RNA, usually by altering the rate at which a gene is transcribed.

104
Q

DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase 2

A

binds to the promoter region on DNA in the transcription process. Makes RNA. AN enzyme. Also a part of the PIC. Adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

105
Q

Histone Deacetyltransferase

A

an enzyme that decreases the rate of transcription by taking acetyl groups off of the lysine tail, therefore increasing how tightly wound the DNA is.

106
Q

Alternative Polyadenylation

A

RNA processing mechanism that affects the length of the poly-A tail

107
Q

Transcriptional Control Region

A

Contains ENHANCER or SILENCER + local regulatory sequences, TATA sequence, and initiator sequence (20-500 base pairs) (where RNA Pol 2 binds)

108
Q

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2D

A

Part of ternary complex, can be repressed by phosphoylation by kinase.

109
Q

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E

A

Cap binding enzyme. Binds to 5’ cap on mRNA to connect RNA and ribosome.

Cell Bio - Lucas (5 decks)

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