Gender & Youth Subcultures

Question 1

Who discussed the differences between men and women when it comes to ‘subcultural capital’?

Answer 1

Thornton

Question 2

Why do men have more subcultural capital than women?

Answer 2

Girls invested more time into doing well at school whilst boys invested more time in going out, music, and magazines.
Girls accepted their lack of it, defending their taste in mainstream culture. (pop music)

Question 3

What does Thornton discuss about Mainstream culture?

Answer 3

It’s often looked down on with those who have subcultural capital as when styles move from underground to mainstream they become feminised.
E.g rave culture which became mainstream when legal raves sprung up and the scene was characterised by ‘techno Traceys’

Question 4

How does Thorton’s study link to feminism?

Answer 4

Things associated with males are often characterised as less important or acceptable than things associated with males

Question 5

Who used the term ‘bedroom culture’?

Answer 5

McRobbie and Garber

Question 6

How were girls restricted during 1950s according to McRobbie and Garber?

Answer 6

Expectations of early marriage
Experienced stricter social control

Question 7

What was ‘bedroom culture’?

Answer 7

Teen girls would get together, experiment with makeup, hairstyles and fashion, gossip, read and discuss magazines.

Question 8

How can bedroom culture be a form of resistance?

Answer 8

Girls’ anxieties about teenage sexual interactions let them to form tight knit friend groups, giving them a private and inaccessible space that protected them from scrutiny of parents and boys. ‘Invisibility’ by spending time inside,

Question 9

Who discusses the intersection of gender with ethnicity?

Answer 9

McRobbie: ‘black ragga girls’ who use music to dance in a sexual way ridiculing make sexism and opening up their own cultural space. They were able to challenge the message and assert their own identities.

Question 10

Who points out punk culture’s egalitarian ethos that anyone could join?

Answer 10

Reddington

Question 11

How do spectacular subcultures involve women?

Answer 11

Punks offered an outlet and a form of resistance to young women appalled at the idea of secretarial college or marriage

Question 12

How was the punk subculture still discriminatory to women?

Answer 12

Not taken seriously
‘Punkettes’
Judged on their physical appearance more

Question 13

How are there changing roles for females in subcultures?

Answer 13

Ravers goths chavs and emos are unisex
Bennett: neo tribes are less gendered, loose boundaries within and between contemporary youth subcultures has opened up space for girls to develop their own identities.
Hollands study of nightlife in Newcastle shows bedroom culture is a thing of the past as it shows there’s been an increase I. Women out in the city at night

Question 14

How can crime and deviance be seen when looking at delinquent boys?

Answer 14

It’s an extension of desirable masculine traits

Question 15

Who said gangs act as a location for ‘doing masculinity’ where it has to be proved?

Answer 15

Messeschmidt

Question 16

What does Harding say about masculinity?

Answer 16

How masculinity is made or accomplished depends on the social field a young male finds himself in.
Those without access to paid employment, a traditional form of masculinity, will find other ways.

Question 17

What does Campbell discuss?

Answer 17

• Due to abandoning certain communities, the state has unleashed the most extreme forms of masculinity as it denies access to legitimate masculine status through academic success or employment and the breadwinner role.
• Deviance has become a mean to which young men could express their masculinity

Question 18

How can masculinity as an excuse for criminality challenged?

Answer 18

• Ignores how many other forms of masculinity exists (Connell)
• Ignores female violence
• Puts blame on those victims of a wider system (capitalism)

Question 19

What sociologist discusses social control on women?

Answer 19

Heidensohn

Question 20

What does Heidensohn say about social control?

Answer 20

• Girls are subject to more control in terms of their behaviour through their peers, family (limited time outside), by the idea of their place in the domestic sphere, and fear of being alone after dark.
• This may prevent girls participating in deviance.

Question 21

What phrase does Heidensohn discuss linking to social control on women?

Answer 21

‘Double deviance’, meaning they go against femininity into which they have been socialised and against the norms and values of society.

Question 22

Who discusses girls’ involvement in gangs?

Answer 22

Harding

Question 23

What does Harding say about girls in gangs?

Answer 23

They use their social skills and become ‘fixers’ (hiding weapons/drugs, trading information) and never become leaders.
Social skills are a source of ‘street capital’ essential to survival.

Question 24

How are girls ‘kept in line’ within gangs?

Answer 24

Violence, including sexual violence. Some include sexual exploitation and rape.

Question 25

What male anti school subculture did Mac an Ghaill discuss?

Answer 25

Macho lads (Valued 3 F’s, who shown extreme forms of hegemonic masculinity)
Bullied academic achievers and were anti school

Question 26

What did Archer and Yamashita study?

Answer 26

Boys in inner city London who shown anti school and education norms.

Question 27

What were the boys like which Archer and Yamashita studied?

Answer 27

They were attached to a ‘bad boy’ image, related to ‘hyper heterosexuality’ and saw reading and academic achievement as ‘soft’. They felt they had to be tough in their local areas to be safe. Their subculture/gang was their backup and being a member was a key part of ‘doing masculinity.’

Question 28

Who studied ‘New Wave Girls’?

Answer 28

Blackman

Question 29

Who were ‘New wave girls’?

Answer 29

High profile, academic and resistant who were defined by their music taste (new wave, punk, ska), and their appearance (Doc Martin boots, big jumpers, unconventional hair and makeup).

Question 30

What were ‘New wave girls’ resisting against?

Answer 30

Their gender and others’ expectations of it. They resisted the regime of the school as they felt it did not enhance their education and adapted the school uniform and changed the rules. They valued education but were not pro school.