gender inequality Flashcards
gender inq in work + employment
ONS 2013
More men tend to work in professional occupations which are associated with higher levels of pay than women
Women dominate employment with the caring and leisure occupations
Men make up the majority of workers in the top 10% of earners for all employees but the gap is lower for those under 30
gender inq in work+ employment
Fawcett society
In the private business sector of employment the gender pay gap is 24.8% compared to the public sector which is 17.1%
Self employed women earn around 40% less than self employed men
gender inq in work+ employment
Uk feminista nd
Up to 30,000 women are sacked every year for being pregnant and each year an estimated 440,000 women lose out on pay or promotion as a result of pregnancy
gender inq in income and wealth
Uk feminists nd
Cuts to state benefits disproportionately affect women as benefits typically make up a fifth of women’s incomes as opposed to a tenths of men
gender inq in income and wealth
Oxfam 2008
22% of women compared to 14% of men have a persistent low income
The income of retired women is less than 40% of retired men
gender inq in income and wealth
Low pay commision 2007
Approximately 70% of people in national minimum wage jobs are women
gender inq in income and wealth
United nations 2014
Women comprise more than 50% of the world’s population but own only 1% of the worlds wealth
gender inq in poverty Prudential 2011
According to a of more than 10,000 adults 1 in 4 women will be living below the poverty line when they retire compared to 12% of men
gender inq in poverty
Global citizen 2014
Women make up half of the world’s population and yet represent 70% of the world’s population and yet represent 70% of the world’s poor
gender inq in poverty
Chant 2011
Argues that women are prone to experience ‘time poverty’ as a result of the multiple areas of work they are engaged with many of which are unpaid or underpaid - these activities make it difficult for them to get out of poverty through engaging in activities that would give them higher returns
gender inq in poverty Womens budget group 2005
Mothers frequently go without food, clothing and warmth in order to protect children from the full impact of an inadequate income
gender inq in social mobility Li and Devine 2011
Women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly than men
gender inq in social mobility Savage 2011
Studied social mobility in the 2000s found that men are 40% more likely to climb the ladder than women
gender inq in social mobility
Equality and human rights commission 2011
Found a decrease in women’s participation in 10 sectors of employment most of which related to positions of high status and reward
- Members of the cabinet
- National assembly for wales
- Local authority council leaders
- Public appointments
- Editors of national newspapers
- Chairs of national arts bodies
- Health service chief executives
male and gender inequalities - education
Gcse results consistently over a number of years show that girls in the uk gain more A*-C grade gcses compared to boys
Govt data shows that boys are twice as likely to have special education needs and twice as more likely to have literacy problems.They are also four times more likely to be excluded from school
Dept of education figures since 2008 have shown that white working class boys are the largest underachieving group in education
male and gender inequalities - health
Dept of health data from 2010 showed that on average females are likely to live to four years longer than males
ONS data in 2010 found that on average men develop heart disease ten years earlier than women
ONS data in 2011 found that the rate of suicide for men is 3 times that of the number for women
Men are more likely than women to have an alcohol or drug problem.67% of british people who consume alcohol at ‘hazardous’ levels and 80% of those dependent on alcohol are male - almost 3/4 of people dependent on cannabis and 69% of those dependent on other illegal drugs are male (ONS 2001)
male and gender inequalities - work + income
According to health and safety data collected in the UK more than 95% of the 200 people killed in the workplace every year are men
In 2010 the ONS found that men in the UK work an average of 39 hours a week compared with 34 for women
male and gender inequalities - family life
Warrin et al
Warrin et al 1999 - study of 95 families in Rochdale - majority of fathers, mothers and teenagers believed that the father was the breadwinner
Found that fathers felt pressure to provide for their families
Men in low paid jobs and those who were sick and disabled or unemployed were frustrated that they were unable to supply for their family the way they wanted
male and gender inequalities - family life
equal opportunities commission 2007
Equal opportunities commission in 2007 in a report found that
Fathers are more likely to be employed and to work longer hours than men with dependent children
80% of fathers are in employment compared with 74% of men without dependent children
Around 1 in 8 fathers in great britain work excessively long hours of 60 hours a week or more and almost 40% of fathers work 48 hours a week
Many employers still see flexible working or family friendly working policies as something for women
Fathers expectations about whether they would have access to work life balance policies are lower than for mothers
