Gender Identity Flashcards
What is gender?
1/ Biological characteristics that distinguish ‘male’/ ‘female’ sexes (such as genitalia and hormones) which are usually (not always) denoted before/ at birth and develop further during puberty
2/ Our knowledge and understanding of ‘male’ and ‘female’ (& other) categories
2/ Our knowledge and understanding of ‘male’ and ‘female’ (& other) categories
What is sex?
1/ Biological characteristics that distinguish ‘male’/ ‘female’ sexes (such as genitalia and hormones) which are usually (not always) denoted before/ at birth and develop further during puberty
2/ Our knowledge and understanding of ‘male’ and ‘female’ (& other) categories
1/ Biological characteristics that distinguish ‘male’/ ‘female’ sexes (such as genitalia and hormones) which are usually (not always) denoted before/ at birth and develop further during puberty
What is social identity?
1/ Knowing this group membership cannot normally be changed transiently
2/ The component of one’s self-concept which derives from the membership in a particular social group
3/ The notion that group membership denoted by sex is normally ‘stable’ over time (and permanent)
4/ Beliefs of what is appropriate for, or typical of males/females
2/ The component of one’s self-concept which derives from the membership in a particular social group
…as well as the value and emotional significance of the membership
What is gender stability?
1/ Knowing this group membership cannot normally be changed transiently
2/ The component of one’s self-concept which derives from the membership in a particular social group
3/ The notion that group membership denoted by sex is normally ‘stable’ over time (and permanent)
4/ Beliefs of what is appropriate for, or typical of males/females
3/ The notion that group membership denoted by sex is normally ‘stable’ over time (and permanent)
“When you grow up, will you be a [man or woman]?” “Were you always a [boy/girl]?” (Slaby & Frey, 1975)
What is gender constancy?
1/ Knowing this group membership cannot normally be changed transiently
2/ The component of one’s self-concept which derives from the membership in a particular social group
3/ The notion that group membership denoted by sex is normally ‘stable’ over time (and permanent)
4/ Beliefs of what is appropriate for, or typical of males/females
1/ Knowing this group membership cannot normally be changed transiently
“If this boy grows his hair really long wears a skirt, will he be a boy or a girl?” “If you really want to be a girl, can you become a girl? (S & F, 1975)
According to Kohlberg, which is needed for gender consistency?
1/ Biological characteristics + stability + identity
2/ Biological characteristics + stability + constancy
3/ Identity + sociability + constancy
4/ Identity + stability + constancy
4/ Identity + stability + constancy
What are gender stereotypes?
1/ Knowing this group membership cannot normally be changed transiently
2/ The component of one’s self-concept which derives from the membership in a particular social group
3/ The notion that group membership denoted by sex is normally ‘stable’ over time (and permanent)
4/ Beliefs of what is appropriate for, or typical of males/females
4/ Beliefs of what is appropriate for, or typical of males/females
Who proposed “Parental Investment Theory”
1/ Lawrence Kohlberg
2/ Robert Trivers
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sandra Bem
2/ Robert Trivers
…predicts that the sex that invests more in its offspring will be more selective when choosing a mate, and the less-investing sex will have intra-sexual competition for access to mates
Which of the below are not seen as challenges to the biological account of gender differences?
1/ The John/Joan case
2/ A rise in gender identity disorder/dysphoria with no detected biological correlate
3/ Limited evidence in gender differences in pre-socialised infants/young children
1/ The John/Joan case
Twin with penis severely damaged in botched procedure and subsequently raised as a girl (from between 1-2yrs) subsequently transitioned back to being a male at 15, and suffered severe problems and ultimately died by suicide
According to social learning theories, gender identity is…
1/ Given
2/ Innate
3/ Acquired
4/ Dependent on the situation
3/ Acquired
…a product of accumulated learning
Which of the below describes the following statement? Behaving in gender-appropriate manners results in reward, whereas behaving in cross-gender manners results in punishment.
1/ Modelling
2/ Classical conditioning
3/ Pairing
4/ Reinforcement
4/ Reinforcement
Which of the below describes the following statement? Observation of others’ behaviour and consequences as examples of gender norms or illustrations of conformity
1/ Modelling
2/ Classical conditioning
3/ Pairing
4/ Reinforcement
1/ Modelling
Which of the below are not seen as challenges to the social learning account of gender differences?
1/ Young children’s stereotypes tend to be even stronger than parents
2/ As most caregivers or educators are women, boys and girls both have more exposure to female models
3/ The concept of peers as agents
4/ Modelling effects are inconsistent; adults perform many activities that children do not engage in (and vice versa)
3/ The concept of peers as agents
This supports social learning theories in that children reinforce conformity of gender identity within a peer group
Who is responsible for adapting Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory?
1/ Lawrence Kohlberg
2/ Robert Trivers
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sandra Bem
1/ Lawrence Kohlberg
…gender concepts follow growth of cognitive abilities
According to Kohlberg’s Cognitive-developmental Theory, gender labelling occurs at which stage?
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
According to Kohlberg’s Cognitive-developmental Theory, gender stability occurs at which stage?
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
According to Kohlberg’s Cognitive-developmental Theory, gender consistency occurs at which stage?
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
According to Kohlberg’s Cognitive-developmental Theory, gender stereotyping occurs at which stage?
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
According to Kohlberg’s Cognitive-developmental Theory, gender-segregated play occurs at which stage?
1/ Stage 1 (2.5-3.5 years)
2/ Stage 2 (3.5-4.5 years)
3/ Stage 3 (4.5-7 years)
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
4/ It happens prior to the listed age ranges.
Who proposed gender schema theory?
1/ Lawrence Kohlberg
2/ Robert Trivers
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sandra Bem
4/ Sandra Bem
According to gender schema theory, __________ is ‘enough’ to form and activate a gender schema?
1/ Gender stereotyping
2/ Gender constancy
3/ Gender stability
4/ Gender labelling
4/ Gender labelling
Gender schema theory is a ___________ approach
1/ Information-processing
2/ Biological
3/ Nativist
4/ Social constructionist
1/ Information-processing
Who split masculinity and femininity into dimensions (rather than polar opposites)?
1/ Lawrence Kohlberg
2/ Robert Trivers
3/ Albert Bandura
4/ Sandra Bem
4/ Sandra Bem
In Bem’s gender dimensions model, an androgynous person is characterised by
1/ High masculinity, low femininity
2/ Low masculinity, high femininity
3/ High masculinity, high femininity
4/ Low masculinity, low femininity
3/ High masculinity, high femininity
