Concentration and Stress Flashcards by Jack Evans

The autonomic nervous system….

1/ Enables a person to consciously control their body
2/ Is exclusively located in the brain
3/ Provides an opportunity to monitor the physical manifestations of stress
4/ Is exclusively concerned with the experience of stress

3/ Provides an opportunity to monitor the physical manifestations of stress

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The sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. It…

1/ Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
2/ Consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
3/ Controls most functions of the body and mind
4/ Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

4/ Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

Fight or flight

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The parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. It…

1/ Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Human attention is…

1/ Fully and consciously controllable
2/ Automatically attracted to movement
3/ Impossible to predict
4/ Stronger in females than males

2/ Automatically attracted to movement

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Bottom up attention is…

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses
2/ Less potent attention
3/ Attention directed consciously
4/ The ability to cognitively rotate visual stimuli

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses

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Bottom up attention is…

1/ Physically associated with the top part of the brain
2/ Physically associated with the midbrain
3/ Physically associated with the bottom parts of the brain
4/ Physically associated with the entire brain

3/ Physically associated with the bottom parts of the brain

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Television engages with our..

1/ Bottom up attention
2/ Top down attention

1/ Bottom up attention

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Top down attention is…

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses
2/ Less potent attention
3/ Attention directed consciously
4/ The ability to cognitively rotate visual stimuli

3/ Attention directed consciously

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Top down attention is…

1/ Physically associated with the top part of the brain

The frontal and prefrontal cortex

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Exogenous attention is….

1/ Attention associated with external factors
2/ Attention associated with internal factors

1/ Attention associated with external factors

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Endogenous attention is….

1/ Attention associated with external factors
2/ Attention associated with internal factors

2/ Attention associated with internal factors

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Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood is a seminal study conducted by

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

3/ Gogtay et al

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Why can’t very young children choose what they pay attention to?

1/ Because they have no understanding of language
2/ Because only the brain areas associated with exogenous attention are matured
3/ Because only the cortex is matured
4/ Because only the brain areas associated with endogenous attention are matured

2/ Because only the brain areas associated with exogenous attention are matured

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The inability/difficulty to purposefully focus attention at a young age is thought to be an advantage for which type of learning?

1/ Sensorimotor
2/ Social skills
3/ Self feeding
4/ Pattern recognition

4/ Pattern recognition

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Computer games engage with our..

1/ Bottom up attention
2/ Top down attention

2/ Top down attention

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In increase in stress correlates to…

1/ A bias towards exogenous concentration
2/ A bias towards endogenous concentration
3/ A decline in all concentration
4/ An increase in all concentration

1/ A bias towards exogenous concentration

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What is the orienting reflex?

1/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex
2/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex
3/ The act of switching attention from one thing to another
4/ The act of maintaining attention on one thing despite distractions

2/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex

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Who proposed the orienting reflex?

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

2/ Ivan Sechenov

Having a heightened sensitivity to stimuli…

1/ Can help a child in certain situations
2/ Can hinder a child in certain situations
3/ Increases the response to interesting things
4/ Increases the response to uninteresting things
5/ All of the above
6/ 1 & 3

5/ All of the above

The Dandelion and Orchid Theory describes:

1/ Endogenous vs exogenous concentration
2/ The orienting reflex
3/ Differential susceptibility
4/ Consistency bias

3/ Differential susceptibility

Dandelions are less susceptible to their environment, whereas orchids are more.

In the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory), a dandelion…

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad
2/ Will thrive in bad situations but not good
3/ Will be less effected by the situation
4/ Will struggle to thrive in both good and bad situations

3/ Will be less effected by the situation

In the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory), an orchid…

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad
2/ Will thrive in bad situations but not good
3/ Will be less effected by the situation
4/ Will struggle to thrive in both good and bad situations

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad

Who proposed the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory)?

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

1/ Jay Belsky

What is The Yerkes–Dodson law?

1/ An empirical relationship between IQ and performance
2/ An empirical relationship between conditioning and performance
3/ An empirical relationship between modelling and performance
4/ An empirical relationship between arousal and performance

4/ An empirical relationship between arousal and performance

The Yerkes–Dodson law predicts that 1/ More arousal = better performance 2/ More arousal = worse performance 3/ There is an optimal level of arousal that will see a decline in performance once it is passed 4/ Arousal only effects performance for a finite amount of time

3/ There is an optimal level of arousal that will see a decline in performance once it is passed This is relative to each child's tendencies (in line with differential susceptibility theory). So a child may have a tendency to be over or under aroused, and the goal is to get them to mid-arousal state.

According to the DSM-5, a child must display ___ of the listed symptoms for a minimum of ______ in order to fit the classification criteria. 1/ 2, 2 months 2/ 6, 6 months 3/ 8, 8 months 4/ 12, 12 months

2/ 6, 6 months ...to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level.

Executive functions are probably.... 1/ Fully developed at birth 2/ The fastest developing aspect of behaviour 3/ Fully developed during puberty 4/ The slowest developing aspect of behaviour

4/ The slowest developing aspect of behaviour The PFC generally doesn't mature until circa early 20s

What method was used to determine the proposed heritability of ADHD? 1/ Factor Analysis 2/ Twin studies 3/ Observational studies 4/ Idiographic research

2/ Twin studies ADHD is thought to be 70-80% heritable (Faraone et al, 2016)

GWAS (Genome Wide Association Studies) have... 1/ Identified the genetic causes of ADHD 2/ Identified the genetic correlates of ADHD 3/ Not identified specific genetic correlates of ADHD 4/ Shown that the heritability of ADHD is actually very low

3/ Not identified specific genetic correlates of ADHD There are patterns of risk spread across many genes

ADHD effects.... 1/ Both adults and children equally 2/ More adults than children 3/ More children than adults 4/ Children but not adults

3/ More children than adults approx 5.4% vs 2.5%,

Russell Barkley proposed 1/ ADHD is caused by a deficits in top down control 2/ ADHD is caused by overactive cognitive inhibition 3/ ADHD is caused by incorrect cognitive labelling of emotion 4/ ADHD is caused by poor diet

1/ ADHD is caused by a deficits in top down control Various studies have questioned and disproved it (such as Nigg et al, 2005)

Some neuroimaging evidence shows that 1/ The cortex develops faster in children with ADHD 2/ The cortex develops slower in children with ADHD 3/ The hippocampus develops faster in children with ADHD 4/ The hippocampus develops slower in children with ADHD

2/ The cortex develops slower in children with ADHD However, this is not true of all children with ADHD There are also differences all over the brain

Which of the below have shown some effectiveness in treating ADHD in children? 1/ Ritalin (Methylphenidate) 2/ Non-stimulants (e.g atomoxetine) 3/ Dietary changes (free fatty acid supplements - fish oils) 4/ Parenting interventions (avoiding hostile parenting and inconsistent reward giving) 5/ All of the above 6/ 1 & 4 only

5/ All of the above

"Arousal is increased by the frequent attention shifts, and that children become habituated to this arousal, which decreases their baseline arousal level" This is... 1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis 2/ Differential susceptibility theory 3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis 4/ The the orienting reflex

3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis

"The child adjusts to the frequent use of cuts and edits in a way that makes sustained attention difficult" This is... 1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis 2/ Differential susceptibility theory 3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis 4/ The the orienting reflex

1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis

More screen time at aged 3... 1/ Causes more attention problems aged 7 2/ Is correlated with more attention problems at 7 3/ Causes less attention problems aged 7 4/ Is correlated with less attention problems at 7

2/ Is correlated with more attention problems at 7

Which of these are not a way to improve attention 1/ Design an environment that is easy to concentrate in 2/ Brain training 3/ Regularly switching attention focus 4/ Sharing attention with other people

3/ Regularly switching attention focus 1 is bottom up focus 2 is top down focus 4 is joint task focus - sharing/collaborating

If something automatically attracts our attention, it is known as: 1/ Salient 2/ Drawing 3/ Yielding 4/ Demanding

1/ Salient

Attention scaffolding is 1/ Parental/child joint attention 2/ Using an attentional aid, such as calming music 3/ Using an attention friendly environment with few distractions 4/ Using attention enhancing dietary supplements, such as fish oils

1/ Parental/child joint attention Calmness is contagious, and adult longer attention patterns support the child

The phrase ‘Bottom-up attention’ refers to: 1/ A tendency to pay attention to the lower half of objects 2/ The degree to which our attention is automatically drawn to certain features of the outside world – such as movement and loud sounds 3/ A tendency to perceive objects as upside down 4/ The degree to which we pay more attention to the lower half of people than the upper half

2/ The degree to which our attention is automatically drawn to certain features of the outside world – such as movement and loud sounds

According to Differential Susceptibility theory, when you compare ‘Orchid’ and ‘Dandelion’ children, you find that ‘Orchid’ children… 1/ Are more sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events. 2/ Are more sensitive to interesting, attention-eliciting events but less sensitive to negative, aversive events. 3/ Are less sensitive to interesting, attention-eliciting events but more sensitive to negative, aversive events. 4/ Are less sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events.

1/ Are more sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events.

In addition to ADHD, which of these other conditions is also associated with impairments in executive control and working memory? ``` 1/ Premature Birth 2/ Genetic Disorders (e.g. Fragile X syndrome) 3/ Depression 4/ All of the above 5/ 2 & 3 only ```

4/ All of the above

ADHD is associated with atypical performance on assessments of … 1/ Response time variability 2/ Speech and language 3/ Inhibition 4/ All of the above

4/ All of the above