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MSc Psychology: Developmental > Concentration and Stress > Flashcards

Concentration and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

The autonomic nervous system….

1/ Enables a person to consciously control their body
2/ Is exclusively located in the brain
3/ Provides an opportunity to monitor the physical manifestations of stress
4/ Is exclusively concerned with the experience of stress

A

3/ Provides an opportunity to monitor the physical manifestations of stress

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2
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. It…

1/ Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
2/ Consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
3/ Controls most functions of the body and mind
4/ Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

A

4/ Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

Fight or flight

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3
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. It…

1/ Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
2/ Consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
3/ Controls most functions of the body and mind
4/ Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

A

1/ Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Human attention is…

1/ Fully and consciously controllable
2/ Automatically attracted to movement
3/ Impossible to predict
4/ Stronger in females than males

A

2/ Automatically attracted to movement

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5
Q

Bottom up attention is…

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses
2/ Less potent attention
3/ Attention directed consciously
4/ The ability to cognitively rotate visual stimuli

A

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses

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6
Q

Bottom up attention is…

1/ Physically associated with the top part of the brain
2/ Physically associated with the midbrain
3/ Physically associated with the bottom parts of the brain
4/ Physically associated with the entire brain

A

3/ Physically associated with the bottom parts of the brain

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7
Q

Television engages with our..

1/ Bottom up attention
2/ Top down attention

A

1/ Bottom up attention

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8
Q

Top down attention is…

1/ Automatic and stimulated/directed by the senses
2/ Less potent attention
3/ Attention directed consciously
4/ The ability to cognitively rotate visual stimuli

A

3/ Attention directed consciously

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9
Q

Top down attention is…

1/ Physically associated with the top part of the brain
2/ Physically associated with the midbrain
3/ Physically associated with the bottom parts of the brain
4/ Physically associated with the entire brain

A

1/ Physically associated with the top part of the brain

The frontal and prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

Exogenous attention is….

1/ Attention associated with external factors
2/ Attention associated with internal factors

A

1/ Attention associated with external factors

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11
Q

Endogenous attention is….

1/ Attention associated with external factors
2/ Attention associated with internal factors

A

2/ Attention associated with internal factors

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12
Q

Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood is a seminal study conducted by

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

A

3/ Gogtay et al

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13
Q

Why can’t very young children choose what they pay attention to?

1/ Because they have no understanding of language
2/ Because only the brain areas associated with exogenous attention are matured
3/ Because only the cortex is matured
4/ Because only the brain areas associated with endogenous attention are matured

A

2/ Because only the brain areas associated with exogenous attention are matured

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14
Q

The inability/difficulty to purposefully focus attention at a young age is thought to be an advantage for which type of learning?

1/ Sensorimotor
2/ Social skills
3/ Self feeding
4/ Pattern recognition

A

4/ Pattern recognition

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15
Q

Computer games engage with our..

1/ Bottom up attention
2/ Top down attention

A

2/ Top down attention

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16
Q

In increase in stress correlates to…

1/ A bias towards exogenous concentration
2/ A bias towards endogenous concentration
3/ A decline in all concentration
4/ An increase in all concentration

A

1/ A bias towards exogenous concentration

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17
Q

What is the orienting reflex?

1/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex
2/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex
3/ The act of switching attention from one thing to another
4/ The act of maintaining attention on one thing despite distractions

A

2/ An organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex

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18
Q

Who proposed the orienting reflex?

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

A

2/ Ivan Sechenov

19
Q

Having a heightened sensitivity to stimuli…

1/ Can help a child in certain situations
2/ Can hinder a child in certain situations
3/ Increases the response to interesting things
4/ Increases the response to uninteresting things
5/ All of the above
6/ 1 & 3

A

5/ All of the above

20
Q

The Dandelion and Orchid Theory describes:

1/ Endogenous vs exogenous concentration
2/ The orienting reflex
3/ Differential susceptibility
4/ Consistency bias

A

3/ Differential susceptibility

Dandelions are less susceptible to their environment, whereas orchids are more.

21
Q

In the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory), a dandelion…

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad
2/ Will thrive in bad situations but not good
3/ Will be less effected by the situation
4/ Will struggle to thrive in both good and bad situations

A

3/ Will be less effected by the situation

22
Q

In the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory), an orchid…

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad
2/ Will thrive in bad situations but not good
3/ Will be less effected by the situation
4/ Will struggle to thrive in both good and bad situations

A

1/ Will thrive in good situations, but not bad

23
Q

Who proposed the Dandelion and Orchid Theory (aka Differential susceptibility theory)?

1/ Jay Belsky
2/ Ivan Sechenov
3/ Gogtay et al
4/ Yerkes & Dodson

A

1/ Jay Belsky

24
Q

What is The Yerkes–Dodson law?

1/ An empirical relationship between IQ and performance
2/ An empirical relationship between conditioning and performance
3/ An empirical relationship between modelling and performance
4/ An empirical relationship between arousal and performance

A

4/ An empirical relationship between arousal and performance

25
Q

The Yerkes–Dodson law predicts that

1/ More arousal = better performance
2/ More arousal = worse performance
3/ There is an optimal level of arousal that will see a decline in performance once it is passed
4/ Arousal only effects performance for a finite amount of time

A

3/ There is an optimal level of arousal that will see a decline in performance once it is passed

This is relative to each child’s tendencies (in line with differential susceptibility theory). So a child may have a tendency to be over or under aroused, and the goal is to get them to mid-arousal state.

26
Q

According to the DSM-5, a child must display ___ of the listed symptoms for a minimum of ______ in order to fit the classification criteria.

1/ 2, 2 months
2/ 6, 6 months
3/ 8, 8 months
4/ 12, 12 months

A

2/ 6, 6 months

…to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level.

27
Q

Executive functions are probably….

1/ Fully developed at birth
2/ The fastest developing aspect of behaviour
3/ Fully developed during puberty
4/ The slowest developing aspect of behaviour

A

4/ The slowest developing aspect of behaviour

The PFC generally doesn’t mature until circa early 20s

28
Q

What method was used to determine the proposed heritability of ADHD?

1/ Factor Analysis
2/ Twin studies
3/ Observational studies
4/ Idiographic research

A

2/ Twin studies

ADHD is thought to be 70-80% heritable (Faraone et al, 2016)

29
Q

GWAS (Genome Wide Association Studies) have…

1/ Identified the genetic causes of ADHD
2/ Identified the genetic correlates of ADHD
3/ Not identified specific genetic correlates of ADHD
4/ Shown that the heritability of ADHD is actually very low

A

3/ Not identified specific genetic correlates of ADHD

There are patterns of risk spread across many genes

30
Q

ADHD effects….

1/ Both adults and children equally
2/ More adults than children
3/ More children than adults
4/ Children but not adults

A

3/ More children than adults

approx 5.4% vs 2.5%,

31
Q

Russell Barkley proposed

1/ ADHD is caused by a deficits in top down control
2/ ADHD is caused by overactive cognitive inhibition
3/ ADHD is caused by incorrect cognitive labelling of emotion
4/ ADHD is caused by poor diet

A

1/ ADHD is caused by a deficits in top down control

Various studies have questioned and disproved it (such as Nigg et al, 2005)

32
Q

Some neuroimaging evidence shows that

1/ The cortex develops faster in children with ADHD
2/ The cortex develops slower in children with ADHD
3/ The hippocampus develops faster in children with ADHD
4/ The hippocampus develops slower in children with ADHD

A

2/ The cortex develops slower in children with ADHD

However, this is not true of all children with ADHD

There are also differences all over the brain

33
Q

Which of the below have shown some effectiveness in treating ADHD in children?

1/ Ritalin (Methylphenidate)
2/ Non-stimulants (e.g atomoxetine)
3/ Dietary changes (free fatty acid supplements - fish oils)
4/ Parenting interventions (avoiding hostile parenting and inconsistent reward giving)
5/ All of the above
6/ 1 & 4 only

A

5/ All of the above

34
Q

“Arousal is increased by the frequent attention shifts, and that children become habituated to this arousal, which decreases their baseline arousal level” This is…

1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis
2/ Differential susceptibility theory
3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis
4/ The the orienting reflex

A

3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis

35
Q

“The child adjusts to the frequent use of cuts and edits in a way that makes sustained attention difficult” This is…

1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis
2/ Differential susceptibility theory
3/ The fast‐paced arousal‐habituation hypothesis
4/ The the orienting reflex

A

1/ The scan-and-shift hypothesis

36
Q

More screen time at aged 3…

1/ Causes more attention problems aged 7
2/ Is correlated with more attention problems at 7
3/ Causes less attention problems aged 7
4/ Is correlated with less attention problems at 7

A

2/ Is correlated with more attention problems at 7

37
Q

Which of these are not a way to improve attention

1/ Design an environment that is easy to concentrate in
2/ Brain training
3/ Regularly switching attention focus
4/ Sharing attention with other people

A

3/ Regularly switching attention focus

1 is bottom up focus
2 is top down focus
4 is joint task focus - sharing/collaborating

38
Q

If something automatically attracts our attention, it is known as:

1/ Salient
2/ Drawing
3/ Yielding
4/ Demanding

A

1/ Salient

39
Q

Attention scaffolding is

1/ Parental/child joint attention
2/ Using an attentional aid, such as calming music
3/ Using an attention friendly environment with few distractions
4/ Using attention enhancing dietary supplements, such as fish oils

A

1/ Parental/child joint attention

Calmness is contagious, and adult longer attention patterns support the child

40
Q

The phrase ‘Bottom-up attention’ refers to:

1/ A tendency to pay attention to the lower half of objects
2/ The degree to which our attention is automatically drawn to certain features of the outside world – such as movement and loud sounds
3/ A tendency to perceive objects as upside down
4/ The degree to which we pay more attention to the lower half of people than the upper half

A

2/ The degree to which our attention is automatically drawn to certain features of the outside world – such as movement and loud sounds

41
Q

According to Differential Susceptibility theory, when you compare ‘Orchid’ and ‘Dandelion’ children, you find that ‘Orchid’ children…

1/ Are more sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events.
2/ Are more sensitive to interesting, attention-eliciting events but less sensitive to negative, aversive events.
3/ Are less sensitive to interesting, attention-eliciting events but more sensitive to negative, aversive events.
4/ Are less sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events.

A

1/ Are more sensitive to both interesting, attention-eliciting events and to negative, aversive events.

42
Q

In addition to ADHD, which of these other conditions is also associated with impairments in executive control and working memory?

1/ Premature Birth
2/ Genetic Disorders (e.g. Fragile X syndrome)
3/ Depression
4/ All of the above
5/ 2 & 3 only
A

4/ All of the above

43
Q

ADHD is associated with atypical performance on assessments of …

1/ Response time variability
2/ Speech and language
3/ Inhibition
4/ All of the above

A

4/ All of the above

MSc Psychology: Developmental (5 decks)

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