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Paper1:Socialisation , Culture And Identity > Gender Identity > Flashcards

Gender Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex ?

A

Biological and physical differences between males and females that are determined before birth e.g Chromosome, genitalia, hormones

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2
Q

What is gender

A

Socially constructed ideas of how different sexes should behave. Paired with females and males and masculine and femininity e.g men and women expected to wear different clothes

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3
Q

What is social constructionism ?

A

Behaviours are socially constructed by socialisation

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4
Q

An example of how gendered norms are relative and
therefore socially constructed ?

A

Margret mead study

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5
Q

Studies for traditional form of masculinity and femininity ?

A
  • hegemonic masculinity
  • normative (hegemonic) femininity
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6
Q

Who can up with hegemonic masculinity ?

A

Raewyn Connell

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7
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity

A

Form of masculine identity that exist across western societies of traditional version of men that has given men dominance and power in public and private sphere

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8
Q

Examples of hegemonic masculinity?

A
  • alpha male
  • men as breadwinners
  • paid work central to their identity and role
  • agression
  • competition
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9
Q

How do all agents of socialisation promote hegemonic masculinity?

A

Promote this ideal hegemonic identity so makes it difficult to take on any alternative masculinity
So men are breadwinners , no expected to do housework or express emotions

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10
Q

What is normative/hegemonic femininity

A

Traditional gendered behaviour for a woman and women’s roles are defined and restricted by men’s interest and needs

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11
Q

Examples of normative hegemonic femininity ?

A
  • female beauty
  • sexiness
  • nurturing
  • emotional
  • physically weak and poor at making decisions
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12
Q

Studies for creation and reinforcement of gender identities

A
  • Ann Oakley
  • peer groups, femininity and masculinity: Sue Lees
  • media, masculinity and femininity: billington
  • Mary Daly : beyond God the father
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13
Q

What does Ann Oakley say about creation and reinforcement of gender identities

A
  1. Manipulation : encouraging behaviour stereotypically acceptable for child norm and discouraging what is not the norm
  2. Canalisation : parents channelling child interest by toys
  3. Verbal appellation: nicknames or pet names to reinforce gender expectations
  4. Different activities: family members may encourage children to participate in activities to reinforce stereotypes
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14
Q

Peer Groups, femininity and masculinity: Sue Lees , what did she look at ?

A

Pressure put on teenage girls peers

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15
Q

Peer Groups, femininity and masculinity: Sue Lee , examples of pressure put on teen girls peers

A
  • Double standards applied to girls and boys sexual behavior
  • Word ‘slag’ to control girls behaviour but boys sexual behaviour not policied the same negative way
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16
Q

Peer Groups, femininity and masculinity: Sue Lees , sexual activities differs for boys and girls

A

Sexual activities raises the status of boys and boys but lowers the status of girls and women

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17
Q

Media, masculinity and femininity
Billington, what does billington say media does ?

A
  • Media portrayed masculinity as dominant and femininity as surbordinate
  • men portrayed FULL range of social control and women portrayed with narrow range of social control
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18
Q

Media, masculinity and femininity
Billington :for creation and reinforcement of gender identities , examples of how women are portrayed in the media in comparison to men

A

Women are rarely shown in high status occupational roles but overrepsented in domestic settings e.g busy housewife , mothers and women presented by men as sexual objects enjoyed by men e.g pornography

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19
Q

Mary Daly: Beyond God the Father - creation and reinforcement of gender identities : Mary Daly argues that all women are part of what ?

A

Planetary sexual caste system

20
Q

Mary Daly: Beyond God the Father - creation and reinforcement of gender identities : what is a planetary sexual caste system ?

A

A state where the whole World is sexist and religion maintains this

21
Q

Mary Daly: Beyond God the Father - creation and reinforcement of gender identities : Mary Daly argues that religion successfully controls women to accepting patriarchy in what ways ?

A
  1. Women inferior as Gods will
  2. God is Masculine
22
Q

Mary Daly: Beyond God the Father - creation and reinforcement of gender identities , what is women’s inferiority as God’s will ?

A

Christianity has claimed the the inferiority of women is due to Gods will and is ordained by God

23
Q

Mary Daly: Beyond God the Father - creation and reinforcement of gender identities : what is God is masculine ?

A

God is portrayed as a man and father so alienates women and places them in an inferior position to men

24
Q

Studies for gender identities changing ?

A
  • Sue Sharpe : just like a girl
  • hypersexual femininity: Christine Griffin
  • the media and femininity
25
What does Sue sharpe: just like a girl say for gender identity changing
- interviewed girls in the 1970s - wanted to marry early, did not focus on career as much, left school at 16 or earlier - as compared to 1990s - girls stayed in education longer, husband will help with childcare and housework , focus on career
26
What is hypersexuality ?
Exhibiting excessive concern with or indulgence in sexual activity
27
Examples of hypersexual individuals ?
Celebrities such as Nicki minaj , Miley Cyrus and Rhianna
28
Why are those celebrities examples of hypersexual females ?
As they exaggerate their sexuality in their appearance , clothes , makeup and music
29
Examples Christine griffin identifies presents difficulty and contradiction for women ?
- girls encouraged to be sassy and independent and not feminists - to look and act sexy and pornified but not to look like a drunken slut - problem of if they’re empowered or victims of patriarchy
30
What does hypersexual feminity reflect ?
Hegemonic femininity as women need to be attractive to men
31
For media and femininity: for gender identities changing What are the two examples that women challenge normative femininity ?
- run like a girl campaign - ban bossy
32
What does the run like a girl campaign say For media and femininity?
- It is not a compliment - want to turn phrase into positive one and challenge the stereotypes - caused drop in confidence and is an insult
33
What campaign of ban bossy state for girls and boys for media and femininity
- girls confidence dropped when word bossy is used for them but boys are seen as leaders when they’re are assertive - but if girl was assertive she would be seen as bossy
34
According to ban bossy campaign , what message does the word bossy give ?
- don’t raise your hands or speak up for yourself - so girls are less interested in leading than boys when continue into adulthood
35
What has the ban bossy campaign done to change the word bossy to ?
“I’m not bossy, I’m the boss”
36
Studies for changing in masculinity ?
- new man - the metrosexual - a crisis in masculinity?
37
What is new man ? Changing in masculinity
- non agressive men - exhibit more feminine characteristics - men have accepted social change in gender identities
38
Examples of a new man
- emotionally expressive - display concern and responsive to women and children - men participate more In childcare and women work (economic role )
39
What class does new man associate with ?
Middle class men
40
Who is the person who did the new man study ?
Reaywan Connell
41
Who did the metrosexual study ?
Mark Simpson
42
What is a metrosexual : changing masculinity
Man who takes a Keener Interest in their clothes , hair , and personal appearance
43
Examples of metrosexual ?
Confident to express themselves by the way they dress and groom e.g aftershave , makeup , male perfume David Beckham and Ronaldo In shampoo ad
44
So what does metrosexual men identity revolve around ?
Revolve around their dress sense , and body image
45
What is a crisis in masculinity
Insecurity felt by working class men for loss of breadwinner identity due to decline of traditional male industries
46
Crisis in masculinity: Canaan researched working class men in Wolverhampton , what did she ask
She asked employed and long term unemployed men what the most important thing about being a man
47
What did the men with and without jobs state for a crisis in masculinity ?
Men with jobs stated : fighting , drinking and sexual gain Men without jobs : having a job was the most important thing and felt emasculated by unemployment

Paper1:Socialisation , Culture And Identity (14 decks)

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