Gender identity

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

term used to classify people as being male or female based on their biological or physical charactertistics

nature

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

term used to describe the ways in which men and women are expected to behave in society and is often socially constructed as part of the socialisation process

nurture

Question 3

functionalists see that gender is …

Answer 3

biologically determined

Question 4

Parsons (a functionalist)

Answer 4

‘sex role differentiation theory’

• men are best suited to perform an instrumental/breadwinners role
• women are best suited to perform an expressive role

Question 5

Mead

Answer 5

would counter argue the view that gender roles are biologically determined as she would argue that they are learnt through socialisation

Question 6

feminists

Answer 6

patriarchy socially constructs identity and a male dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how men and women should be via the socialisation process

• Oakly
• Skelton +Francis
• Lees

Question 7

Mac an Ghaill

Answer 7

explored how boys learnt to be men in their peer group. Gender power, based on ‘hypermasculinity’, wwas the main source of identity for the ‘macho lads’ who valued the 3F’s (fighting, football and f*ing)

Question 8

Postmodernists such as Stanley and Wise

Answer 8

gender identity is socially constructed, partly through the socialisation process, but also as a result of the decisions and choices we make ourselves, the way in which we exercise agency

Question 9

types of masculinity

Answer 9

• hegemonic
• marginalised
• complicit
• subordinate
• metrosexual

Question 10

types of femininity

Answer 10

• passive
• assertive

Question 11

like a girl- Sharpe

Answer 11

interviewed working class young women about their priorities and compared their attitudes in 1970 and 1990

priorities in 1970:
- love
- marriage ect

priorities in 1990:
- job
- career ect

in 1970, 67% wanted to leave school at 16 but in 1990 67% wanted to stay until 18

1970- 37% of workforce was female
1990- around half

this study shows evidence towards changing gender roles

Question 12

changes in the law

Answer 12

• divorce reform act
• sex discrimination act
• equal pay act
• equality act 2010

Question 13

a crisis for male + female identity?
Faludi

Answer 13

she discussed the reaction of patriarchal society and aims to undermine the success of feminism

independant and successful women were judged blamed for a range of social problems

male backlash as male dominance was questioned

Question 14

Hakim- post feminism

Answer 14

• not all women are disadvantaged
• women have more choice

3 prefered lifestyles
- home centred
- adaptive
- work centred

Question 15

Seildler

Answer 15

Asian girls adopted different types of femininity within the home than they do outside of the home as they do not want to go against izzat