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Psychology A2 > Gender - Explanations of Gender Development > Flashcards

Gender - Explanations of Gender Development Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 stages of kohlberg’s theory of gender development?

A

gender labelling

gender stability

gender constancy

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2
Q

what is the gender labelling stage of kohlberg’s theory?

A

children label others as ‘boy’ or ‘girl’ but based on stereotypical appearance only

children change labels as appearance changes

by end of stage children have schemata for simple masc/fem characteristics

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3
Q

at what age does the gender labelling stage happen?

A

2-3

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4
Q

what is the gender stability stage of kohlberg’s theory?

A

children realise gender stable over time, but still think it changes over situations

by end of stage, realise gender + appearance are separate

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5
Q

at what age does the gender stability stage happen?

A

4-7

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6
Q

what is the gender constancy stage of kohlberg’s theory?

A

children realise gender constant over time and situation

show preferences for gender-appropriate behaviours and will reject gender-inappropriate behaviour

gender fixed in child’s mind

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7
Q

at what age does the gender constancy stage happen?

A

7+

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8
Q

what are the advantages of kohlberg’s theory of gender development?

A

research support - study shows more accurate labelling at 3 yrs than 2 - predicted by kohlberg

concurrent validity - Freud, Piaget

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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of kohlberg’s theory of gender development?

A

construct validity - research shows boys develop first due to SLT as male role models more socially powerful - bio determinism, nature/nurture

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10
Q

what is the process of internalising new ideas into a schema?

A

assimilation

equilibration

new situation

disequilibrium

accomodation

assimilation…etc

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11
Q

what is gender schema theory?

A

children develop gender identity through in-group and out-group schemas

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12
Q

how are the schemata in gender schema theory formed?

A

by info on cultural norms from TV, parents, school etc

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13
Q

how are in-group and out-group schemas developed?

A

cognitive processing develops bias:

maximisation of in-group positive qualities

maximisation of out-group negative qualities

this builds self-esteem and reinforces stereotypes

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14
Q

what are the positives of the gender schema theory?

A

construct validity - found that gender schemas related to memory, children more likely ro remember anything related to in-group than out-group

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15
Q

what are the limitations of gender schema theory?

A

determinist/reductionist - not all children conform to gender stereotypes

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16
Q

what are the 2 main concepts used in Freud’s theories?

A

internalisation

identification

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17
Q

what is internalisation?

A

accepting other’s beliefs because they resonate with yours

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18
Q

what is identification?

A

complying to gain access to a group, then slowly accepting it over time

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19
Q

by what process did Freud say boys developed their gender identity?

A

the oedipus complex

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20
Q

describe what occurs in the oedipus complex

A

boys start to desire their mother and sees father as a threat

boy hates his father and fears revenge if he found out (castration anxiety)

he imitates his fathers behaviours to impress his mother, leading to him identifying with male behaviours

conflict is resolved when he no longer feels competition and the superego develops

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21
Q

by what process did Freud say girls developed their gender identity?

A

the electra complex

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22
Q

describe what occurs in the electra complex

A

girl attracted to her mother but confused when she discovers her mother has no penis

girl develops penis envy, assuming she doesn’t have one because her mother castrated her

girls attracted to father instead but fails to identify due to gender differences

penis envy is replaced with the desire for a baby so then identifies with mother

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23
Q

what did Freud suggest would happen to boys who grew up without a father figure?

A

they may internalise feminine behaviours and become homosexual and promiscuous because they believe women are unnatianable

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24
Q

why does Freud say girls identify with their mother?

A

as a compromise or last resort because they realise that they lack what it takes to be a man

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25
Q

what did Freud say was caused by women settling for femininity?

A

anxiety and immorality

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26
Q

what are the advantages of Freud’s psychodynamic theory of gender development?

A

concurrent validity with Kohlberg and the Little Hans case study

27
Q

what are the disadvantages of Freud’s psychodynamic theory of gender development?

A

beta bias for gender and culture

Kohlberg suggested children are aware of the opposite sex’s bodies ate different ages

determinist - not all children with single parents are promiscuous or homosexual

28
Q

what are the key components in bandura’s theory of gender development through social learning theory?

A

indirect reinforcement

gender maintenance

direct tuition

self-direction

29
Q

what is indirect reinforcement?

A

when a behaviour is vicariously reinforced through watching the consequences of others carrying out the behaviour

however children are more likely to repeat behaviours of role models they identify more with, so they learn behaviours from the same sex better

30
Q

how is gender maintained in social learning theory?

A

gender-related behaviours of the child are directly reinforced, while behaviours from the opposite sex is punished

31
Q

what is direct tuition in the development of gender in social learning theory?

A

explicit instructions on gender-appropriate behaviours

32
Q

when does direct tuition begin in the development of gender?

A

when the child acquires linguistic skills

33
Q

what is self-direction in social learning theory?

A

once children have internalised gender-appropriate behaviours, they are not dependant on external rewards/punishments

34
Q

what are the advantages of social learning theory as an explanation of gender development?

A

evidence - experiment similar to bandura’s og study supports as children imitated behaviours from same-sex role models

35
Q

what are the disadvantages of social learning theory as an explanation of gender development?

A

direct tuition more important than modelling - research shows children will listen to instructions on whether a toy is for girls or boys independent of role models

ignores biological explanations - environmental reductionism - testosterone can drive more ‘masculine’ behaviour

36
Q

what are sex-role stereotypes?

A

socially and/or culturally defined sets of expectations that we have about the behaviour of each sex

37
Q

how are sex-role stereotypes learnt?

A

both implicitly (internalisation-schema building) and explicitly (modelling-SLT)

38
Q

what is androgyny?

A

the idea that one person can display behaviour of both sexes

39
Q

what did Bem say can cause lower self worth?

A

reinforcement of fixed gender stereotypes

40
Q

what type of harm did Bem say that stereotypes can cause?

A

psychological and social harm

41
Q

what research did bem do into androgyny?

A

she created the bem sex role inventory

42
Q

what is the bem sex role inventory?

A

a list containing:

20 masc items

20 fem items

20 neutral items

43
Q

what was the procedure of bems sex role inventory research?

A

participants rated how likely they were to carry out each of the items in the inventory

scores were calculated based off of this to determine how masculine, feminine or androgynous they were

44
Q

what were bem’s findings from the sex role inventory?

A

most people scored androgynous

45
Q

what were the advantages of bems sex role inventory?

A

reliable - 1000s of participants

research support for link between mental health and androgyny - androgyny linked with lower levels of depression

applications for parental advice

46
Q

what were the disadvantages of bems sex role inventory?

A

internally invalid - measures self esteem more than gender as lots socially desirable

lacks temporal validity - meaning of gender changes over time

parental advice applications may be unethical - cultural differences

low construct validity - had to add 4th category after for low masc and low fem

47
Q

what is gender schema theory?

A

the theory that everyone acts according to their dominant schema for a given situation

that these schemas are heavily influenced by gender

can get masc schemas, fem schemas or androgynous schemas

48
Q

what gene on the Y chromosome causes male development?

A

SRY gene

49
Q

when does the SRY gene start to affect sex development?

A

in the fetal stage

50
Q

how does the SRY gene affect sex?

A

creates “sex determining region Y protein”

transcription factor that binds to DNA to control other genes

51
Q

which hormone is produced in both sexes in the adrenal gland during development?

A

lutropin

52
Q

what is the function of lutropin in males?

A

leydig cells in testes respond to it by producing testosterone

testosterone then drives further male development

53
Q

what chromosomes do people with Klinefelter’s syndrome have?

A

XXY

54
Q

which sex are people with Klinefelter’s syndrome born with?

A

male - born with penis and develops male traits

55
Q

what are the physical effects of Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

usually infertile

feminized masculine characteristics (slim jaw, less facial hair, sometimes breast tissue)

lack muscular definition

56
Q

how common is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

1 in 10,000 males

57
Q

what chromosomes do people with Turner’s syndrome have?

A

XO

the O is either a damaged X chromosome or a missing chromosome

58
Q

what sex are people with Turner’s syndrome born as?

A

female:

born with vagina and womb but underdeveloped ovaries

59
Q

what are the effects of Turner’s syndrome?

A

no menstration so infertile

physically short

can have webbed neck, narrow hips, chronic skin legions and cardiac issues

60
Q

how common is Turner’s syndrome?

A

1 in 2,000

61
Q

what are three hormones that can drive sex development?

A

oestrogen

testosterone

oxytocin

62
Q

what can occur in fetuses that are insensitive to testosterone?

A

they are born as intersex - no formation of male genitalia

63
Q

how are fetuses that are insensitive to testosterone raised?

A

most raised as girls as no penis/testicals visible

some identified as XY and raised male

64
Q
A

Psychology A2 (13 decks)

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