Gender Differences in Achievement - Pupils' Sexual and Gender Identities Flashcards
What does this topic focus on?
How pupils’ experiences in school help to construct and reinforce their gender/sexual identities.
According to Connell (1995), what is hegemonic masculinity?
Dominance of heterosexual masculine identity and subordination of female and gay identities.
- schools reproduces this.
How do feminists describe experiences in school shaping pupils’ identities?
Experiences in school act as a form of social control to reproduce patriarchy.
According to feminists, what are the different ways experiences in school reproduce patriarchy?
1) . Verbal abuse.
2) . Teachers attitudes towards pupils.
3) . The male gaze.
4) . Double standards.
5) . Female peer group.
How does verbal abuse act as a form of social control?
Name-calling puts girls down if the behave/act in certain ways.
- it makes pupils conform to male expectations.
Who discusses verbal abuse as a form of social control in schools?
1) . Lees (1986).
2) . Paechter.
3) . Mac an Ghaill (1992).
What did Lees find about verbal abuse?
- Boys called girls ‘slags’ if they appeared to be sexually available.
- ‘Drags’ if they didn’t.
What did Paechter find about verbal abuse towards boys?
Called ‘gay’ and ‘queer’ as a form of negative labels on their sexual identities.
What did Mac an Ghaill find about anti-school w/c subcultures verbal abuse?
They used verbal abuse to reinforce masculinity.
- they called other w/c hard working children ‘dickhead achievers’.
Who found male teachers reinforced gender identities?
Haywood and Mac an Ghaill (1996) =
- told boys off for ‘behaving like girls’.
- ignored boys’ verbal abuse to girls.
How is male gaze a form of social control to reinforce patriarchy?
This is where male pupils and teachers look girls up and down as sexual objects.
- boys who don’t conform may be labelled as ‘gay’ (social control).
What does Lees (1993) mean by ‘double standards’ as a form of social control?
Boys boast about their sexual exploits =
- but negatively label girls for the same behaviour.
What did Archer find about w/c girls gaining symbolic capitalism?
They gain symbolic capitalism (status and popularity) by performing a hyper-heterosexual identity =
- girls who don’t conform are labelled as ‘tramps’.
According to Ringrose (2013), how do female peers act as a form of social control?
w/c girls face tension between their =
- idealised feminine identity = loyalty to peer group.
- sexual identity = competing for boys.
‘Slut shaming’ and ‘frigid shaming’ are social control labels imposed by peers.
