Gender Differences In Achievement Flashcards
External factors
Changes in women’s employment
- 1970 equal pay
- 1975 sex discrimination
- since 1975 pay gap fallen from 30% to 17 %
External factors
The impact of feminism
- since 1960’s stereotype of women’s housewife role changed, both man n woman breadwinner
- changes are partly reflected in media
External factors
Changes in family
- increase in divorce and decrease in marriage
- increase in cohabitation and lone parent families
-role model= mother
External factors
Girls changing ambitions
- sharpe 1994
- compared interviews with girls in 1970’s and 1990’s
- 1970’s= if intelligent was unattractive. Love and marriage main priority
- 1990’s= goals are independent women with career
External factors
Class, gender and ambition
-some Wc girls still have gender stereotypes aspirations in terms of marriage and children
Internal factors
Equal opportunities policies
- boys and girls entitled to same opportunities now mainstream thinking
- GIST (girls into science & technology) encourage girls to pursue careers in non- traditional areas
Internal factors
GCSE’s & coursework
- change has favoured girls and disadvantaged boys
- Godard 2005= girls spend more time on work and presentation, better at meeting deadlines
Internal factors
Teachers attention
-French 1993= analysed classroom interaction. Boys received more attention as attracted reprimands
Internal factors
Positive role models in school
- increase in female teachers
- these women in authority may be seen as role model for girls
- Dfes= 35% head teachers are female, whereas only 22% was 15 years ago
Internal factors
Challenging stereotypes in curriculum
-removed gender stereotypes in text books
Internal factors
Selection and league tables
-marketisation mean girls preferred recruits as they achieve better exam results
Gender differences in subject choice
Peer pressure
- boys get judged by peers
- paechter= sports mainly male gender girls get called lesbians of sporty
Gender differences in subject choice
Atmosphere in classroom
- male gaze= way boys look girls up and down
- mac & ghail= way a male reinforce their masculinity
Gender differences in subject choice
Early socialisation
-Norman= from early age boys & girls dressed differently, different toys boys rewarded for being active, girls for being passive
Gender differences in subject choices
Gendered subject choice
-Kelly= science see as boys subject as textbooks draw on boys experiences rather than Girls, teachers likely male
