Gender and Work

Question 1

Including both paid and unpaid work, who works more?

Answer 1

Women do more work than men (52% vs 48%)

Question 2

In Canada, in the 1900s, women’s participation rate in the labour force was _. This increased to _ in 1952, and _ in 2006.

Answer 2

14%, 24%, 62%

Question 3

Is the participation of women in today’s workforce increasing or decreasing?

Answer 3

The rate is currently decreasing

Question 4

Why might women’s participation rate today be decreasing in the workforce?

Answer 4

Unclear if it is due to ideologies or practical reasons (e.g., rising cost of childcare vs changing gender role attitudes)

Question 5

What percentage of the global workforce do women comprise?

Answer 5

40%

Question 6

What percentage of the workforce in the US and Canada do women comprise?

Answer 6

50%

Question 7

Whose labor tends to be more volatile?

Answer 7

Men’s work is more volatile than women’s

Question 8

In 2008, this group of Americans lost their jobs at 3x the rate of the other group

Answer 8

American men compared to women

Question 9

The workplace is seen as a site of homosocial reproduction. What does this term mean?

Answer 9

Where men created themselves as men

Question 10

What is deviance neutralization?

Answer 10

Couples tend to minimize the extent to which one deviates from a real or perceived norm (e.g., if the man is not the breadwinner)

Question 11

In a 2012 poll, what percentage of fathers believed that mothers should not work at all?

Answer 11

37%, compared to 9% of women

Question 12

What type of labour do women tend to do more?

Answer 12

Emotional labour

Question 13

What is emotional labour?

Answer 13

Jobs that make sure the masculine workplace was well-oiled and functioning smoothly (e.g., flight attendants, waitresses, service workers)

Question 14

Women’s work has been perceived as “auxiliary” compared to men’s work. What does this term mean?

Answer 14

For assistance/support/supplementary to men

Question 15

What is pin money?

Answer 15

Money used by women for discretionary or frivolous spending

Question 16

What is the Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR)

Answer 16

A true requirement of a job, which permits discrimination

Question 17

What is the Meiorin test?

Answer 17

Set of guidelines for employers to use for establishing job-related requirements

Question 18

What is segregation?

Answer 18

Refers to women’s and men’s concentration in different occupations/industries/jobs/levels in workplace hierarchies

Question 19

What is horizontal segregation?

Answer 19

Segregation within occupations in different fields roughly similar in terms of educational and skill requirements (e.g., different occupations are seen as more appropriate for one gender than another)

Question 20

What is vertical segregation?

Answer 20

Segregation associated with differences in education, experience, skill, and leadership

Question 21

In countries without accessible/affordable daycare…

Answer 21

Women tend to lose time building their careers

Question 22

Name 2 reasons why women have begun to colonize men’s arenas more than the reverse.

Answer 22

1) Men’s jobs tend to be better and 2) Men may be reluctant to enter female-dominated fields that have poorer pay. They may also fear being branded “effeminate”

Question 23

The top 20 occupations for women account for __ of women

Answer 23

45.8%

Question 24

The top 20 occupations for men account for __ of men

Answer 24

30.1%

Question 25

What is considered a predictor of wages?

Answer 25

Gender composition of an occupation

Question 26

Give an example of gender composition as a predictor of wages in the workplace

Answer 26

-Wages of clerks and vets have declined when the field became female-dominated -When computer programming became male-dominated, wages went up and women were squeezed out

Question 27

What is precarious employment?

Answer 27

Work that does not conform with the typical understanding of a stable, full-time job with some degree of job security

Question 28

What are examples of precarious employment?

Answer 28

Part-time jobs, self-employment, temporary work, on-call

Question 29

What is the family wage?

Answer 29

Describes a wage sufficient to allow a male breadwinner to support his family

Question 30

What does tolerance of precarious employment rely on?

Answer 30

Gendered and racialized ideas (e.g., women are only working for extra money, immigrants are better off here than in their home country)

Question 31

What are 3 main causes for the wage gap?

Answer 31

Discrimination (in hiring and promotion) Sex segregation (women's work is not as valued) Women's unequal responsibility for child rearing (fewer years of full-time work experience)

Question 32

What is the wage gap if industry, age, and education are held constant?

Answer 32

Women earn 92% of what men earn

Question 33

What is the wage gap if we hold hours of work constant?

Answer 33

Women earn 80% of what men earn

Question 34

In 1981, women earned __ of what men earned, and __ in 1996

Answer 34

62.5%, 73.5%

Question 35

Kay Hymowitz

Answer 35

Suggested that men earn more than women because of differences in hours of work in the public sphere

Question 36

What is the sticky floor?

Answer 36

Overrepresentation of women at jobs with the lowest pay and prestige

Question 37

What is the glass ceiling?

Answer 37

Artificial barriers that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upwards in the organization

Question 38

Who does the glass ceiling affect the most?

Answer 38

Women, and this is intensified when other intersectional issues come into play

Question 39

What is conscious and unconscious bias?

Answer 39

Effort by men to restore/retain the all-male atmosphere of the corporate hierarchy

Question 40

What is the men's club network?

Answer 40

Most significant and resistant barrier to women's advancements

Question 41

Warren Farrell

Answer 41

Argues men are the real victims in the workplace, and that the "glass cellar" is occupied by men

Question 42

What is the glass cellar?

Answer 42

Men are stuck in the most hazardous and dangerous occupations

Question 43

Why are men more willing to take on jobs that are more hazardous?

Answer 43

Because the logic of masculinity demands that men remain uncomplaining, the jobs tend to pay more, and women are often unwelcome in them

Question 44

What are tokens?

Answer 44

People who are admitted into an organization but who are recognizably different from other members; not accepted despite their status but accepted because of it

Question 45

Tokens are ___ as members of their category, but ____ as individuals

Answer 45

hypervisible; invisible

Question 46

What is the glass escalator?

Answer 46

Men entering female-dominated occupations often get preferential treatment in terms of hiring and promotion

Question 47

How did the Supreme Court of Canada define sexual harassment?

Answer 47

The unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that affects the work environment or leads to adverse job-related consequences for the victims

Question 48

According to the Angus Reid poll, over ___ of women reported they experienced sexual harassment on the job

Answer 48

1/3, 90% of which were in the trades

Question 49

According to Statistics Canada, __ of women experienced some form of sexual harassment

Answer 49

87%

Question 50

What are women seen as when they enter male-dominated fields?

Answer 50

They are seen as invaders, and sexual harassment is used as a tool to keep them out

Question 51

What type of female worker is most likely to experience harassment than other female workers?

Answer 51

Female managers

Question 52

Anita Hill

Answer 52

Accused US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment; sparked a wave of testimonies from women to describe their own experiences

Question 53

What are the 2 types of sexual harassment?

Answer 53

Quid pro quo and contentious hostile work environment

Question 54

What are 2 aspects of sexual harassment

Answer 54

Repulsion and power

Question 55

What is the quid pro quo?

Answer 55

Exchanging sex for some work benefit/reward

Question 56

What is the contentious hostile work environment?

Answer 56

Creating an environment where women feel compromised, threatened, or unsafe

Question 57

What are 2 ways Kimmel and Holler suggest for positive social change?

Answer 57

-Applying 1951 UN's International Labour Organization Convention 100 -Applying Title VII of 1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 58

What is the Title VII 1964 Civil Rights Act

Answer 58

forbids discrimination based on race, sex, or national origin

Question 59

What is the 1951 UN's International Labour Organization Convention 100

Answer 59

Promotes equal pay for work of equal value

Question 60

What are the 2 types of pay equity

Answer 60

1) equal pay for equal work and 2) equal pay for work of equal value