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SOCI 303 > Gender and Work > Flashcards

Gender and Work Flashcards

1
Q

Including both paid and unpaid work, who works more?

A

Women do more work than men (52% vs 48%)

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2
Q

In Canada, in the 1900s, women’s participation rate in the labour force was _. This increased to _ in 1952, and _ in 2006.

A

14%, 24%, 62%

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3
Q

Is the participation of women in today’s workforce increasing or decreasing?

A

The rate is currently decreasing

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4
Q

Why might women’s participation rate today be decreasing in the workforce?

A

Unclear if it is due to ideologies or practical reasons (e.g., rising cost of childcare vs changing gender role attitudes)

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5
Q

What percentage of the global workforce do women comprise?

A

40%

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6
Q

What percentage of the workforce in the US and Canada do women comprise?

A

50%

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7
Q

Whose labor tends to be more volatile?

A

Men’s work is more volatile than women’s

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8
Q

In 2008, this group of Americans lost their jobs at 3x the rate of the other group

A

American men compared to women

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9
Q

The workplace is seen as a site of homosocial reproduction. What does this term mean?

A

Where men created themselves as men

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10
Q

What is deviance neutralization?

A

Couples tend to minimize the extent to which one deviates from a real or perceived norm (e.g., if the man is not the breadwinner)

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11
Q

In a 2012 poll, what percentage of fathers believed that mothers should not work at all?

A

37%, compared to 9% of women

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12
Q

What type of labour do women tend to do more?

A

Emotional labour

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13
Q

What is emotional labour?

A

Jobs that make sure the masculine workplace was well-oiled and functioning smoothly (e.g., flight attendants, waitresses, service workers)

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14
Q

Women’s work has been perceived as “auxiliary” compared to men’s work. What does this term mean?

A

For assistance/support/supplementary to men

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15
Q

What is pin money?

A

Money used by women for discretionary or frivolous spending

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16
Q

What is the Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR)

A

A true requirement of a job, which permits discrimination

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17
Q

What is the Meiorin test?

A

Set of guidelines for employers to use for establishing job-related requirements

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18
Q

What is segregation?

A

Refers to women’s and men’s concentration in different occupations/industries/jobs/levels in workplace hierarchies

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19
Q

What is horizontal segregation?

A

Segregation within occupations in different fields roughly similar in terms of educational and skill requirements (e.g., different occupations are seen as more appropriate for one gender than another)

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20
Q

What is vertical segregation?

A

Segregation associated with differences in education, experience, skill, and leadership

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21
Q

In countries without accessible/affordable daycare…

A

Women tend to lose time building their careers

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22
Q

Name 2 reasons why women have begun to colonize men’s arenas more than the reverse.

A

1) Men’s jobs tend to be better and 2) Men may be reluctant to enter female-dominated fields that have poorer pay. They may also fear being branded “effeminate”

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23
Q

The top 20 occupations for women account for __ of women

A

45.8%

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24
Q

The top 20 occupations for men account for __ of men

A

30.1%

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25
Q

What is considered a predictor of wages?

A

Gender composition of an occupation

26
Q

Give an example of gender composition as a predictor of wages in the workplace

A

-Wages of clerks and vets have declined when the field became female-dominated
-When computer programming became male-dominated, wages went up and women were squeezed out

27
Q

What is precarious employment?

A

Work that does not conform with the typical understanding of a stable, full-time job with some degree of job security

28
Q

What are examples of precarious employment?

A

Part-time jobs, self-employment, temporary work, on-call

29
Q

What is the family wage?

A

Describes a wage sufficient to allow a male breadwinner to support his family

30
Q

What does tolerance of precarious employment rely on?

A

Gendered and racialized ideas (e.g., women are only working for extra money, immigrants are better off here than in their home country)

31
Q

What are 3 main causes for the wage gap?

A

Discrimination (in hiring and promotion)
Sex segregation (women’s work is not as valued)
Women’s unequal responsibility for child rearing (fewer years of full-time work experience)

32
Q

What is the wage gap if industry, age, and education are held constant?

A

Women earn 92% of what men earn

33
Q

What is the wage gap if we hold hours of work constant?

A

Women earn 80% of what men earn

34
Q

In 1981, women earned __ of what men earned, and __ in 1996

A

62.5%, 73.5%

35
Q

Kay Hymowitz

A

Suggested that men earn more than women because of differences in hours of work in the public sphere

36
Q

What is the sticky floor?

A

Overrepresentation of women at jobs with the lowest pay and prestige

37
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

Artificial barriers that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upwards in the organization

38
Q

Who does the glass ceiling affect the most?

A

Women, and this is intensified when other intersectional issues come into play

39
Q

What is conscious and unconscious bias?

A

Effort by men to restore/retain the all-male atmosphere of the corporate hierarchy

40
Q

What is the men’s club network?

A

Most significant and resistant barrier to women’s advancements

41
Q

Warren Farrell

A

Argues men are the real victims in the workplace, and that the “glass cellar” is occupied by men

42
Q

What is the glass cellar?

A

Men are stuck in the most hazardous and dangerous occupations

43
Q

Why are men more willing to take on jobs that are more hazardous?

A

Because the logic of masculinity demands that men remain uncomplaining, the jobs tend to pay more, and women are often unwelcome in them

44
Q

What are tokens?

A

People who are admitted into an organization but who are recognizably different from other members; not accepted despite their status but accepted because of it

45
Q

Tokens are ___ as members of their category, but ____ as individuals

A

hypervisible; invisible

46
Q

What is the glass escalator?

A

Men entering female-dominated occupations often get preferential treatment in terms of hiring and promotion

47
Q

How did the Supreme Court of Canada define sexual harassment?

A

The unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that affects the work environment or leads to adverse job-related consequences for the victims

48
Q

According to the Angus Reid poll, over ___ of women reported they experienced sexual harassment on the job

A

1/3, 90% of which were in the trades

49
Q

According to Statistics Canada, __ of women experienced some form of sexual harassment

A

87%

50
Q

What are women seen as when they enter male-dominated fields?

A

They are seen as invaders, and sexual harassment is used as a tool to keep them out

51
Q

What type of female worker is most likely to experience harassment than other female workers?

A

Female managers

52
Q

Anita Hill

A

Accused US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment; sparked a wave of testimonies from women to describe their own experiences

53
Q

What are the 2 types of sexual harassment?

A

Quid pro quo and contentious hostile work environment

54
Q

What are 2 aspects of sexual harassment

A

Repulsion and power

55
Q

What is the quid pro quo?

A

Exchanging sex for some work benefit/reward

56
Q

What is the contentious hostile work environment?

A

Creating an environment where women feel compromised, threatened, or unsafe

57
Q

What are 2 ways Kimmel and Holler suggest for positive social change?

A

-Applying 1951 UN’s International Labour Organization Convention 100
-Applying Title VII of 1964 Civil Rights Act

58
Q

What is the Title VII 1964 Civil Rights Act

A

forbids discrimination based on race, sex, or national origin

59
Q

What is the 1951 UN’s International Labour Organization Convention 100

A

Promotes equal pay for work of equal value

60
Q

What are the 2 types of pay equity

A

1) equal pay for equal work and 2) equal pay for work of equal value

SOCI 303 (5 decks)

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