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SOCI 303 > Gender And Bodies > Flashcards

Gender And Bodies Flashcards

1
Q

How is the ideal body constructed?

A

It is constructed as male and abled

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2
Q

In 2012, _ of Canadians reported experiencing a disability

A

13.7%

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3
Q

In 2006, what was the rate of poverty amongst non-disabled versus disabled people?

A

9.7% compared to 14.4%

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4
Q

What disability contributes to a higher poverty rate and what is the rate of this poverty?

A

Those with cognitive and psychological disabilities have a high poverty rate of 22.3%

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5
Q

What percent of men and women experience disability in Canada

A

12.5% of men and 14.9% of women experience disability

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6
Q

Who is overrepresented among Canadian adults with disabilities?

A

Women

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7
Q

Disabled women are more or less likely to live in poverty compared to their male counterparts?

A

They are more likely

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8
Q

What is a “double whammy”?

A

Employers’ ideas of the ideal worker may be both sexist and ableist

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9
Q

Name 2 things that disabled men experience

A

They tend to have damaged self-esteem and a sense of invalidated masculinity (they cannot perform physically or sexually)

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10
Q

What was the original function of sport?

A

To prove and define one’s masculinity

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11
Q

What activities were women discouraged from doing in the 19th-20th century and why?

A

Women were discouraged from horseback riding,riding a bicycle, and engaging in sports because it was thought to reduce their fertility

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12
Q

What area of sport is of greatest gender difference?

A

Throwing speeds

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13
Q

Robert Murphy

A

Ableism rests upon fear; a reminder that able-bodied people live in a counterfeit paradise and they are also vulnerable

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14
Q

Iris Young

A

Believed girls learn to use their bodies in fundamentally different ways than boys (modesty in closed fashion vs fluid, directed motion)

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15
Q

Self-objectification

A

Internalization of an outsider’s perspective on one’s own body; barrier to girls’ athletic performance

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16
Q

What is the link between self-objectification and sport performance?

A

Girls who exhibited greater self-objectification showed poorer throwing performance

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17
Q

What were 2 things that school sport was based on?

A

imperial manhood and muscular Christianity (aimed at training boys’ bodies and minds to fit them for their roles as men)

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17
Q

When did women become welcomed in sports?

A

In the 20th century

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18
Q

What year was Title IX established and what was its purpose?

A

Established in 1972 (US), abolished all forms of sex discrimination in public schools

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19
Q

Is there an equivalent of Title IX in Canada?

A

No, but Canadian human rights cases have established the rights of women to full and equal sport participation

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20
Q

Caster Semenya

A

Accused for being a man after winning gold at world championships for running

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21
Q

Dutee Chand

A

Banned from competition after having been found to have naturally high levels of testosterone

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22
Q

What is sex testing/gender verification

A

Conducted to prevent men from disguising themselves as women in competitions and winning unfairly

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23
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A way of thinking about the world despite evidence to counteract such ideas

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24
Gender ideology
The belief that there are only 2 genders, and those genders are natural expressions of biological characteristics (gender is ideologically produced by natural sex)
25
What does sport tend to do?
Sport tends to preserve gender ideology (demonstrating men's superior strength, aggression, and rights to claim social and physical space)
26
What is the beauty myth
Nearly unreachable cultural idea of feminine beauty that uses images of female beauty as a political weapon against women's advancements
27
What is purdah?
The practice of female seclusion and body covering
28
Naomi Wolf
Noted the existence of the beauty myth
29
Fatima Mernissi
"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"
30
Laura Mulvey
Coined the term "male gaze" in film studies, where movies tend to take the perspective of a desiring heterosexual male
31
What is the male gaze?
Explains how people, regardless of their gender and sexual orientation, look at women as sex objects
32
What did Kimmel and Holler suggest in terms of the emphasis on working to achieve beauty?
They believed that emphasis on this concept may be a method to counteract women's increased independence (e.g., First Miss America pageant was held the same year as women obtaining the right to vote)
33
What are North American standards of beauty centered around?
Whiteness
34
What is lighter skin?
A form of social capital (enhances earning power, attractiveness to partners, educational attainment, self-esteem)
35
In terms of body norms and healthy eating, which gender did this topic focus on most?
More focused on males, particularly urban men who were deemed weak and debilitated
36
What is the hegemonic masculine ideal?
An active, powerful, and capable body
37
Eugene Sandow and Charles Atlas
Accumulated wealth by promoting the ideal male body
38
What was the womanly ideal pre-war?
Maternal and more forgiving than now
39
When did boyish, slender figures become ideal?
In the 1920s; both genders were now not allowed to be fat
40
What is the relationship between fat shaming and obesity?
As fat shaming became more common, North Americans were becoming larger
41
When did the obesity epidemic begin?
In the 1990s
42
Who is targeted as responsible for childhood obesity?
Women
43
What are the trends we see in terms of body shaming amongst the genders?
Women are more likely to be judged for being overweight, and men to be the harsher judges of overweight people
44
In Europe and the US, who is less likely to develop eating disorders?
Non-white girls are less likely to develop eating disorders compared to white, middle-class girls
45
Muscle dysphoria
When men feel they are insufficiently muscular
46
Adonis complex
The belief that men must look like the Greek gods, with perfect chins, thick hair, hairless skin, and six-packs
47
What are the statistics of body dysmorphia among men?
Nearly 1/2 of men report significant body image disturbance and 43% of college men are not satisfied with their appearance
48
Eating disorders may be more prevalent among which group of men?
Gay men
49
Dennis Quaid
An actor that went public with his struggle of disordered eating, coining the phenomenon "manorexia"
50
What is the percentage of men being treated for eating disorders in clinics?
10%
51
Why are breast augmentations the most popular form of cosmetic surgery?
Because breasts are the most visible signs of a woman's femininity
52
What are the risks of breast implant surgery?
More people die from this procedure than open heart surgery
53
Women account for __ of all surgical and minimally invasive procedures
92%
54
While women may seek to look good for men, men...
Increasingly want to look good for other men
55
Penis enlargement surgery
15k men/year globally
56
What is the locker room syndrome?
Fear of being judged as inadequately masculine by other men
57
Magnus Hirschfeld
Coined the term transvestite to describe someone who wears clothing of the opposite sex, with some doing it for culture/religion, and some for sexual gratification
58
What is problematic about the term transvestite?
It assumes that clothing is only for one sex
59
Transgender people
Feel their bodies do not match their gender or sense of identity
60
Transsexuals
Do not feel that their bodies match their internal identity, but rely on the medical model of sex and gender
61
What are the politics surrounding transgender surgeries (sexual reassignment surgery/SRS)
Private insurance in the US requires it to be a mental health disorder for which SRS is the cure
62
Harry Benjamin Standards of Care (SOC)
Relies on the gatekeeper model where psychiatrists asses the patient and determine if they are eligible for care
63
Where is the gatekeeper model still used
In the UK, but not in Canada
64
What is today's model for transgender health care?
It is up to the individual to decide if they are willing to perform gender transition surgery
65
Kimberly Nixon and the Vancouver Rape Relief and Women's Shelter (VRRS)
Nixon argued that she experienced discrimination after being fired on the basis of her biological origins as a man; Lost the Supreme Court case
66
Jessica Yaniv
Requested to get her genitalia waxed, but was refused by most spas. As such, she threatened to file discrimination cases
67
Women's diseases
Conflation of masculine bodies with human ones meant women's diseases have received minimal attention or been cloaked in shame
68
Why do men tend to take more health-related risks?
Due to the idea that it is unmasculine to seek treatment
69
What is a pattern seen among black middle-aged men in the US in relation to health?
They have lower longevity and much higher rates of stress and lifestyle-related diseases
70
Why did some gay men resist safe sex campaigns during the HIV/AIDS plague
Some felt it made for feminine sexuality (emotional and monogamous relationships), while others believed it was another way to oppress gay people

SOCI 303 (5 decks)

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