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SOCI 303 > Gender And Bodies > Flashcards

Gender And Bodies Flashcards

1
Q

How is the ideal body constructed?

A

It is constructed as male and abled

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2
Q

In 2012, _ of Canadians reported experiencing a disability

A

13.7%

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3
Q

In 2006, what was the rate of poverty amongst non-disabled versus disabled people?

A

9.7% compared to 14.4%

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4
Q

What disability contributes to a higher poverty rate and what is the rate of this poverty?

A

Those with cognitive and psychological disabilities have a high poverty rate of 22.3%

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5
Q

What percent of men and women experience disability in Canada

A

12.5% of men and 14.9% of women experience disability

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6
Q

Who is overrepresented among Canadian adults with disabilities?

A

Women

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7
Q

Disabled women are more or less likely to live in poverty compared to their male counterparts?

A

They are more likely

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8
Q

What is a “double whammy”?

A

Employers’ ideas of the ideal worker may be both sexist and ableist

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9
Q

Name 2 things that disabled men experience

A

They tend to have damaged self-esteem and a sense of invalidated masculinity (they cannot perform physically or sexually)

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10
Q

What was the original function of sport?

A

To prove and define one’s masculinity

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11
Q

What activities were women discouraged from doing in the 19th-20th century and why?

A

Women were discouraged from horseback riding,riding a bicycle, and engaging in sports because it was thought to reduce their fertility

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12
Q

What area of sport is of greatest gender difference?

A

Throwing speeds

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13
Q

Robert Murphy

A

Ableism rests upon fear; a reminder that able-bodied people live in a counterfeit paradise and they are also vulnerable

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14
Q

Iris Young

A

Believed girls learn to use their bodies in fundamentally different ways than boys (modesty in closed fashion vs fluid, directed motion)

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15
Q

Self-objectification

A

Internalization of an outsider’s perspective on one’s own body; barrier to girls’ athletic performance

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16
Q

What is the link between self-objectification and sport performance?

A

Girls who exhibited greater self-objectification showed poorer throwing performance

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17
Q

What were 2 things that school sport was based on?

A

imperial manhood and muscular Christianity (aimed at training boys’ bodies and minds to fit them for their roles as men)

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17
Q

When did women become welcomed in sports?

A

In the 20th century

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18
Q

What year was Title IX established and what was its purpose?

A

Established in 1972 (US), abolished all forms of sex discrimination in public schools

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19
Q

Is there an equivalent of Title IX in Canada?

A

No, but Canadian human rights cases have established the rights of women to full and equal sport participation

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20
Q

Caster Semenya

A

Accused for being a man after winning gold at world championships for running

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21
Q

Dutee Chand

A

Banned from competition after having been found to have naturally high levels of testosterone

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22
Q

What is sex testing/gender verification

A

Conducted to prevent men from disguising themselves as women in competitions and winning unfairly

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23
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A way of thinking about the world despite evidence to counteract such ideas

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24
Q

Gender ideology

A

The belief that there are only 2 genders, and those genders are natural expressions of biological characteristics (gender is ideologically produced by natural sex)

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25
Q

What does sport tend to do?

A

Sport tends to preserve gender ideology (demonstrating men’s superior strength, aggression, and rights to claim social and physical space)

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26
Q

What is the beauty myth

A

Nearly unreachable cultural idea of feminine beauty that uses images of female beauty as a political weapon against women’s advancements

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27
Q

What is purdah?

A

The practice of female seclusion and body covering

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28
Q

Naomi Wolf

A

Noted the existence of the beauty myth

29
Q

Fatima Mernissi

A

“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”

30
Q

Laura Mulvey

A

Coined the term “male gaze” in film studies, where movies tend to take the perspective of a desiring heterosexual male

31
Q

What is the male gaze?

A

Explains how people, regardless of their gender and sexual orientation, look at women as sex objects

32
Q

What did Kimmel and Holler suggest in terms of the emphasis on working to achieve beauty?

A

They believed that emphasis on this concept may be a method to counteract women’s increased independence (e.g., First Miss America pageant was held the same year as women obtaining the right to vote)

33
Q

What are North American standards of beauty centered around?

A

Whiteness

34
Q

What is lighter skin?

A

A form of social capital (enhances earning power, attractiveness to partners, educational attainment, self-esteem)

35
Q

In terms of body norms and healthy eating, which gender did this topic focus on most?

A

More focused on males, particularly urban men who were deemed weak and debilitated

36
Q

What is the hegemonic masculine ideal?

A

An active, powerful, and capable body

37
Q

Eugene Sandow and Charles Atlas

A

Accumulated wealth by promoting the ideal male body

38
Q

What was the womanly ideal pre-war?

A

Maternal and more forgiving than now

39
Q

When did boyish, slender figures become ideal?

A

In the 1920s; both genders were now not allowed to be fat

40
Q

What is the relationship between fat shaming and obesity?

A

As fat shaming became more common, North Americans were becoming larger

41
Q

When did the obesity epidemic begin?

A

In the 1990s

42
Q

Who is targeted as responsible for childhood obesity?

A

Women

43
Q

What are the trends we see in terms of body shaming amongst the genders?

A

Women are more likely to be judged for being overweight, and men to be the harsher judges of overweight people

44
Q

In Europe and the US, who is less likely to develop eating disorders?

A

Non-white girls are less likely to develop eating disorders compared to white, middle-class girls

45
Q

Muscle dysphoria

A

When men feel they are insufficiently muscular

46
Q

Adonis complex

A

The belief that men must look like the Greek gods, with perfect chins, thick hair, hairless skin, and six-packs

47
Q

What are the statistics of body dysmorphia among men?

A

Nearly 1/2 of men report significant body image disturbance and 43% of college men are not satisfied with their appearance

48
Q

Eating disorders may be more prevalent among which group of men?

A

Gay men

49
Q

Dennis Quaid

A

An actor that went public with his struggle of disordered eating, coining the phenomenon “manorexia”

50
Q

What is the percentage of men being treated for eating disorders in clinics?

A

10%

51
Q

Why are breast augmentations the most popular form of cosmetic surgery?

A

Because breasts are the most visible signs of a woman’s femininity

52
Q

What are the risks of breast implant surgery?

A

More people die from this procedure than open heart surgery

53
Q

Women account for __ of all surgical and minimally invasive procedures

A

92%

54
Q

While women may seek to look good for men, men…

A

Increasingly want to look good for other men

55
Q

Penis enlargement surgery

A

15k men/year globally

56
Q

What is the locker room syndrome?

A

Fear of being judged as inadequately masculine by other men

57
Q

Magnus Hirschfeld

A

Coined the term transvestite to describe someone who wears clothing of the opposite sex, with some doing it for culture/religion, and some for sexual gratification

58
Q

What is problematic about the term transvestite?

A

It assumes that clothing is only for one sex

59
Q

Transgender people

A

Feel their bodies do not match their gender or sense of identity

60
Q

Transsexuals

A

Do not feel that their bodies match their internal identity, but rely on the medical model of sex and gender

61
Q

What are the politics surrounding transgender surgeries (sexual reassignment surgery/SRS)

A

Private insurance in the US requires it to be a mental health disorder for which SRS is the cure

62
Q

Harry Benjamin Standards of Care (SOC)

A

Relies on the gatekeeper model where psychiatrists asses the patient and determine if they are eligible for care

63
Q

Where is the gatekeeper model still used

A

In the UK, but not in Canada

64
Q

What is today’s model for transgender health care?

A

It is up to the individual to decide if they are willing to perform gender transition surgery

65
Q

Kimberly Nixon and the Vancouver Rape Relief and Women’s Shelter (VRRS)

A

Nixon argued that she experienced discrimination after being fired on the basis of her biological origins as a man; Lost the Supreme Court case

66
Q

Jessica Yaniv

A

Requested to get her genitalia waxed, but was refused by most spas. As such, she threatened to file discrimination cases

67
Q

Women’s diseases

A

Conflation of masculine bodies with human ones meant women’s diseases have received minimal attention or been cloaked in shame

68
Q

Why do men tend to take more health-related risks?

A

Due to the idea that it is unmasculine to seek treatment

69
Q

What is a pattern seen among black middle-aged men in the US in relation to health?

A

They have lower longevity and much higher rates of stress and lifestyle-related diseases

70
Q

Why did some gay men resist safe sex campaigns during the HIV/AIDS plague

A

Some felt it made for feminine sexuality (emotional and monogamous relationships), while others believed it was another way to oppress gay people

SOCI 303 (5 decks)

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