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gender and society Flashcards

1
Q

socialisation

A

lifelong process by which we learn the norms of society -
social conditioning that puts emphasis on distinguishing male and female characteristics

eg blue and pink even from the child’s birth

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2
Q

essentialist view of gender characteristics

A
  • there are distinctive feminine and masculine characteristics which are not social conditioning BUT INTRINSIC TO BIOLOGY/NATURE

eg womens bodies are designed to bear children so they are naturally inclined to be more nurturing and domestic.

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3
Q

existentialist / social constructivist view of gender characteristics

A
  • biological sex is of little significance and gender characteristics are a product of culture and upbringing

eg changing body standards and across different cultures for women have led to objectification of women, but since this changes alongside culture, shows nothing is fixed.

doesnt deny the importance of the body as a source of a person’s identity but there is nothing that fixed.

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4
Q

Foucault on gender

A

=> sex and gender are insignificant, only stigmatised through societal norms + insitutions.
analysis of human sexual history from the ancient greeks to modern say demonstrated human sexuality cannot be defined in simple binary terms but covers a spectrum of sexual practices eg gay, lesbian, bi etc which skew gender roles

ars erotica - purpose of sex is pleasure and companionship and shouldnt be categorised

controlling sexual practices (scientia sexualis) is a means of maintaining power eg catholic church.

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5
Q

nuclear family

A

married heterosexual marriage with two children. middle-class western product of the mid-20th century prosperity

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6
Q

plato on gender roles

A

did not believe there were male and female souls but superior and inferior souls.

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7
Q

morgan buchan on plato

A

souls do not polarise into male and female but sup and inf. superior are deposited into male bodies and the inferior into female.

souls were reborn as women if they had failed as men as women are the inferior, passive sex

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8
Q

aristotle on gender

A

agrees with plato and believed women were more inclined towards weak behaviour and thus naturally inferior and defective.

man is the “most rounded off and complete” and basically calls women hysterical

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9
Q

aristotle book on gender

A

History of Animals

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10
Q

nietzche quote

A

“whenever man has thought it necessay to create a memory of himself, his effort has been attended iwth torture, blood, sacrifice.

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11
Q

mary daly on nietzche

A

throughout history, men have sought to oppress females using their brute power. men naturally are destructive.

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12
Q

church response to gender critique

A
  • allowing women to become priests and bishops in 2014 eg Rachel Treweek Bishop of Gloucester from 2015 (CofE)
  • allowing same-sex marriage in the church
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13
Q

biblicist view

A

biblical theology is timeless and should resist secular changes.
conservative protestant teachings resist adapting to TRENDS in modern society

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14
Q

Kathy Rudy book and view

A

Sex and the Church
as feminism confuses gender roles, this causes society and traditional views to destabilise. sets up unrealistic ideals for women to fulfill

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15
Q

orders of creation

A

Genesis 1:27
god created men and women for different purposes = when these orders of creation are fulfilled, life flourishes

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16
Q

conservative view of motherhood based on eve

A

genesis 3:20 eve was the “mother of all living” - role is to bring life into the world and be domestic and nurturing.

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17
Q

proverbs 31:15 GENERAL OUTLINE plus quote

A

ideas about womens’ duties eg “provide food for her household”.

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18
Q

1 Timothy 5:8

A

“whoever does not provide for family members has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever”

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19
Q

Jessie Bernard and book

A

The Future of Marriage
marriage was advantageous for men, not women.
a child can equally be cared for in a family unit outside of the nuclear family

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20
Q

liberal protestant view

A

more readily accept the secular insights of sociologists etc as thehy interpret the bible as a SOURCEBOOK OF EXPERIENCES rather than revelation, gender roles are not an absolute

motherhood has no particular symbolic signiicance. there is no imperative that parenthood is a necessity.

21
Q

martha and mary

A

gender roles of domestication are irrelevant when considering faith. it is not as fixed. mary represent the new extended gender roles.

22
Q

Galatians 3:27

A

“there is no longer male and female, for you are all one in Jesus Christ”
= new social order based on christian values of cooperation and friendship

23
Q

Ephisians 5:22

A

“wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do the lord. for the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church”

24
Q

Ephisians 5:21

A

“be subject to eachother”

25
Peter 3:7
presupposes the male control of wives as the weaker sex
26
1 Corinthians 14:34
"women shoudl remain silent in the churches. they are not allowed to speak, but must be in submission, as the law says."
27
1 Timothy 2:11 x2
"a woman should learn in quietness and full submission" "for adam was formed first, then eve. and adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner"
28
mary wollstonecraft
A Vindication for the Rights of Woman first wave feminist demanding basic rights eg education, the right to vote. her religious views features, as women were COMPANIONS to men so should have the same fundamental rights.
29
Simone de Beauvoir
The Second Sex both men and women's mindsets need changing, women suffer from false consciousness and this is holding them back from living fulfilled and liberated lives. their existence is defined by men and women have unconsciously allowed this
30
false consciousness
existentialist term to describe a falsely objective view a person has of oneself, they lack true freedom and self-worth
31
social conditioning quote Simone de Beauvoir
"one is not born, but rather becomes a woman" - women is less biological but socially conditioned, moulded into a role to fit into society and limiting their potential
32
betty friedan
The Feminine Mystique even though housewives of middle-class america played the role of a dutiful wife and homemaker, they were unfulfilled and frustrated. they felt obliged to play the feminine mystique and abandon dreams and independence
33
the eternal feminine
critiqued the idea of a fixed, universal essence of femininity - is a patriarchal myth that reduces women to an idealised / stereotypical form confines them within rigid social roles
34
eunuch quote Simone de Beauvoir
"intermediate between male and eunuch" - society creates the figure of a "woman" as something between fully realised human (male) and a non-sexual being (eunuch), creatign a figure that is neither autonomous nor devoid of sexuality
35
Mullieris Dignitatem general info
On the Dignity and Vocation of Women written by Pope John Paul in 1988 in response to critique from feminist theologians. acknowledges the relationship and roles of women have not been UNDERSTOOD WELL which has led to poor treatment of women.
36
mullieris dignitatem quote rule over section
"he shall rule over you must not under any circumstance lead to the masculinisation of women" = if liberated, women should remain faithful to "their own feminine originality"
37
theotokos part 2
means God-bearer - referes to mary and her special role as mother of god. she "attains a union with god" mullieris dignitatem explains that mary's role illustrates the special role of women in the process of salvation as salvation was dependent on jesus being born. "god begins a new covenant wiht humanity" she is also a model for femininity - obedient and dignified
38
virginity and motherhood - mullieris dignitatem part 1
two dimensions of motherhood 1) vocation of motherhood 2) celibacy - linked to jesus' call for both men and women to remain celibate for the sake of the kingdom
39
mullieris dignitatem parts x5
1. virginity / motherhood 2. mary, theotokos, and special role 3. different but equal 4. god given purpose 5. natural abilities
40
mullieris dignitatem GOD GIVE PURPOSE part4
eve labelled as the "mother of all living things" and was told to "be fruitful and multiply" Genesis 3 - God condemns women to painful childbirth = motherhood is central importance to woman's identity
41
mullieris dignitatem BIOLOGY part 5
women are biologically predisposed to nurturing positions and childbirth, "scientific analysis confirms the very physical constitution of women is naturally disposed to motherhood"
42
mullieris dignitatem equal but different
imageo dei in genesis 1:27 says they are both important in the image of god but have different roles
43
special role p2 quote
"man is indebted and can learn from her as motherhood constitutes a special role"
44
Fiorenza
how biblically, women have been instrumental in the foundations of christianity. Priscilla in Acts 18:1, assisted Paul in running his ministry Apphia in Philemon 1:2 was described as a "fellow worker" in the ministry of jesus = how the church's definition of women solely as mothers is restrictive as mothers as women offer equal value.
45
Mary Daley book and whatnot
Beyond God the Father the idea of motherhood is an attempt to make women give up their autonomy also nietzche prescriptive enforcement of women to be mothers is simply a way for men to subjugate women
46
Barth
biblically, marriage is an order of creation and that gender roles are foundational to family life.
47
Phyllis Trible book and idea
Texts of Terror how biblical reinforcement behind family structures reflects an ancient patriarchy's wishes - to enforce rigid gender roles which restricted women.
48
Galatians 3:28
directs christian love as acceptance of people as they are

rs a level (33 decks)

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