Gender and Sexuality Flashcards
1
Q
Sex
A
-biological characteristics (anatomy and physiology) that distinguish males and females
2
Q
Gender
A
-social and culturally constructed roles, relationships, attitudes, personality traits, behaviours, values and relative position that is determined by society
3
Q
Gender Identity
A
- how we identify ourselves
- most people develop a gender identity within what is the ‘norm’ within society about the expression of their biological sex
- often lies in-between our own bias and that of society
4
Q
Gender Roles/ Expression
A
- how we express or enact our gender identity
- behavioural norms influence individual behaviour
- what we do or feel contributes to our identity
5
Q
Gender Relations
A
-how we interact with or are treated by people in the world around us, based on our gender identity
6
Q
Intersex
A
- people’s whose bodies, reproductive systems, chromosomes or hormones are not characterized as male or female
- 1 in every 1500 births (every 2 days in CAD & 5 a day in the US)
7
Q
Transgender
A
-person whose sex assigned at birth doesn’t match their gender identity
8
Q
Trans
A
- describes people with diverse gender identities and gender expressions that do not conform to stereotypical ideas about what it mean story be a man or woman within society
- crossing over the gender spectrum
- includes those who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming
9
Q
Difference BTW Sex and Gender
A
- biological vs socially constructed differences
- bodies never exist outside of social relations
- biology and environment interacts (socialization affects our physiology)
10
Q
The Gender Unicorn
A
- non-binary view
- represents the difference between gender identity, gender expression, sex, physical attraction and emotional attraction
11
Q
Sexuality Includes…
A
- sexual orientation
- eroticism
- pleasure
- desire
- intimacy
12
Q
Sexuality is Expressed Through….
A
- thoughts and fantasies
- desires
- beliefs
- attitudes
- roles
- relationships
13
Q
Sexuality as a SDoH
A
- cultural and societal norms
- discrimination and social exclusion
- impact of gender roles on sexual expectations, relations and practises
14
Q
Binary Understanding
A
-gives us the language and tools for addressing differences (health outcomes)
15
Q
Gender Categories
A
- sex and gender intersect with social factors (age, culture etc.)
- gender shapes social conditions, practises and relations
- data can identify differences but not explain how they came to be
- gender-based analysis looks at gender from social relations (e.g. gender inequality)
16
Q
Gender Inequality
A
- ‘Patriarchy’: social system in which men are valued more than women
- can be due to legal or social/cultural ideals (e.g. women not being allowed to vote until 1921 and were not given full property rights until 1884 in ON)
17
Q
‘Feminization of Poverty’
A
-women tend to experience poorer material conditions
18
Q
Gender Norms
A
- what is considered the norm for women and men in society!
- can influence health behaviours (access to resources)
- Men are more vulnerable to violence through war, women are more vulnerable to intimate partner violence
19
Q
Hegemonic Masculinity
A
- form of masculinity that has social dominance, achieved through cultural practises and marginalization of people outside the norm
- more understanding of how male privilege operates (social dominance)
20
Q
Hegemonic Feminity
A
- valued over other forms of feminity, completes the power and upholds the power of hegemonic masculinity
- will never be more powerful than a hegemonic man, but is given more power over other female types
21
Q
‘Toxic’ Masculinity
A
- norms, behaviours and roles that are associated with masculinity that are considered harmful to men and others
- e.g. aggression, dominance over women, suppression of emotion & extreme self-reliance
- there are other types of masculinity that are NOT harmful
22
Q
Health Impacts of Toxic Masculinity
A
- high rates of violence
- mental health issues
- higher rates of injury (high-risk behaviour)
23
Q
Gender within Healthcare Systems
A
- research & knowledge
- access
- treatment
24
Q
Gender outside of Healthcare Systems
A
- income & social status
- employment
- education
- child development
- lifestyle
- vulnerability to violence
25
Research behind Gender in Healthcare Systems
- clinical trials were previously only done on men but results were generalized for females (shift in 1990)
- assumption of the male body as 'normal'
- concerns about effect on normal fluctuations and effect on fertility of women
- led to the lack of info on how drugs and heart attacks affect women
- e.g. 2013 the FDA recommended that women receive a lower dose of zolpidem
- now studies require gender as a variable
26
Research behind Sexuality in Healthcare Systems
- slowed response to AIDs epidemic in 1980/1990s
- was seen as "gay disease" and received less funding/research
- protests led to greater action and breakthroughs in research
- e.g. ACT UP group
27
Main Factors in Gender-Based Analysis
- necessary to make studies more rigorous
- necessary to address health inequalities
- not a formula, but an approach
- recognizes the role of gender in our lives, shapes conditions, practices and relations
- gender-based analysis (data, collection, conclusions and solutions)
28
Access to Healthcare Systems
- shaped by other SDoH's
- may affect one's ability to access reproductive health services
* e.g. legal barrier, stigma, healthcare practitioner bias
- global focus on women's health as 'maternal' health ignores women outside of the reproductive age
29
Treatment for Pain Based on Gender
- women are more likely to get help but, less likely to receive treatment
- women to prove themselves
- women are hysterical or over-emotional and should be able to tolerate more pain (childbirth)
- men are less likely to get help (social expectations)
* E.g boys ages 5-6 are less likely than girls to express distress
- however, when seeking help men tend to get treatment faster
30
Heteronormativity
- belief that heterosexuality as 'normal' and until proven otherwise people are assumed to be straight
- homosexuality used to be seen as a medical disorder in the DSM until 1973
- although it's now recognized there are still instances of pathologization (gay conversion therapy)
- heteronormativity still exists in medical service provision and education
- outright discrimination by healthcare practitioners
- fear of discrimination can lead to hiding of sexuality
31
Income, Social Status and Employment
-women are more likely to live in poverty than men, especially during the reproductive age (20-40 years)
32
Pay Gap
- women earn $0.87 for every $1.00 that men earn (stats CAD)
- discrimination in hiring and promotion (stereotypes)
- devaluing of feminized jobs
- women are more likely to have precarious work
- stress caused by 'second shift' and unpaid labour in the home
33
'Mommy Tax'
- ideal that women who have children have to spend less time at work
- forces them to make less money as they must care for their family
34
Education
- impacts income and working conditions
- education is associated with better health outcomes
- women get 56% of bachelor's degrees and 51% of master's degrees
- less representation in STEM (high-earning)
- not always reflected in the workplace
- women= 2/3 of those who are illiterate
- 130 million girls aged 6-7 are not in school
- barriers= poverty, gender roles and early marriage
35
Ways to Increase Girl's Access to Education
- cash transfers, stipends and scholarships
- reduce the distance from school
- safe and inclusive (no violence and resources for mensuration)
- encourage gender-sensitive material
- end early and child marriage
- address violence against women
36
Child Development
- can effect mothers and their children
- must address the source of stress, income equality etc.
- providing additional supports for parents
- having more equal distribution of parental care for children (co-parenting)
37
Violence
- 1 in 4 women will experience intimate partner or sexual violence in their lifetime
- 7 in 10 of all criminal harassment victims were female
- 8 in 10 of all intimate partner violence was women
- 9 in 10 of all sexual violence was women
- RCMP stated that 1017 aboriginal women and girls were murdered between 1980-2012 in CAD
- 164 aboriginal women missing in CAD on Nov 4, 2013 for a period exceeding 30 days
38
Women Exposed to Partner Violence are...
- 2x likely to develop depression
- 16% more likely to have a low-weight baby
- 42% have been injured
- 38% of murders were committed by intimate partners
- 1.5x more likely to get STDs or HIV
- 2x likely to have alcohol disorders
39
LGBTQ People Face...
- higher rates of depression, anxiety, OCD, phobic disorders, suicidality, self-harm and substance abuse among LGBT people
- 2x risk of PTSD
40
LGBTQ Youth & Trans People Face Increased Risk of...
- 14x more likely to be suicidal or have substance abuse
- 77% have seriously considered it, 45% had attempted it
- youth who experienced physical or sexual assault were found to be at greatest risk
41
Discrimination and Mental Health
- LGBT individuals who were rejected by their family were...
- 8.4x more likely to have attempted suicide
- 5.9x more likely to have reported high levels of depression
- 3.4x more like to use illegal drugs
- 3.4x more likely to have risky sex
42
How to Improve SDoH Outcome
- support from family & friends
- supportive workplaces and neighbourhoods
- low levels of internalized homophobia (supported by LGBTQ community)
- positive responses
- addressing other SDoH's that may affect them
43
Sexual Education
- knowledge of sexual and reproductive health
- effects sexual behaviours and health outcomes
- addresses gender roles and expectations
- promotion of particular gender roles and values
44
Ontario's Sex Ed Curriculum
- intro in 2015
- developed between parents and equators
- backlash from inclusion of same-sex practices & at what age the info was included
- reverted back to some of 1998 but mainly convert 2015 view but with removal of controversial topics
45
1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (Cairo Agenda)
- promote adolescent well-being
- should address gender relations and equality
- responsible sexual behaviour (prevention of pregnancy, STDs, violence and incest)
- from ICPD-5
46
UNFPA Recommendations for Sex-Ed
- values and human rights
- accurate info
- gender focus
- safe and healthy learning environment
- promote communication, critical thinking and communication
- youth advocacy
47
Empowerment Approach
- WHO: needs to examine and address gender inequalities and stereotypes
- evidence is limited but promising
- may affect gender issues (partner violence, sexual coercion, homophobia, school safety and sex-trafficking)
48
'Horizon's Project'
- aimed at African American girls in the US
- theory of gender, power and social cognitive theory
- ethnic and gender pride
- HIV communication
- Condom use
- Health Relationships
- 35% lower risk of Chlamydia with increased condom use
49
Ongoing Challenges
- pushback against dominant beliefs
- differences btw what is seen as "age-appropriate"
- out of school= most vulnerable
- more research
50
Sex-Ed in 1998
- More on reproductive system
- More on puberty
- Problem solving in relationships
- Communicating with opposite gender
- More on fertilization and menstruation
- STIs and prevention
- Support outside school
- Abstinence
- STI high-risk behaviours
- More on contraception
- Informed choices and saying “no”
- Consequences of sex and drug use
51
Sex-Ed in 2015
- Self-concept and confidence
- First Nations teachings
- Stereotypes, homophobia and gender role assumptions
- Sexual orientation
- Waiting to have sex
- Talking about sex
- Consent
- STIs, pregnancy and contraception
- Informed choices
- More on puberty and relationships
- Gender identity and expression
- More on sexual health and safety
- Understanding and respecting boundaries
- Benefits and drawbacks of relationships
