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Social Determinants of Health > Gender and Sexuality > Flashcards

Gender and Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

-biological characteristics (anatomy and physiology) that distinguish males and females

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2
Q

Gender

A

-social and culturally constructed roles, relationships, attitudes, personality traits, behaviours, values and relative position that is determined by society

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3
Q

Gender Identity

A
  • how we identify ourselves
  • most people develop a gender identity within what is the ‘norm’ within society about the expression of their biological sex
  • often lies in-between our own bias and that of society
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4
Q

Gender Roles/ Expression

A
  • how we express or enact our gender identity
  • behavioural norms influence individual behaviour
  • what we do or feel contributes to our identity
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5
Q

Gender Relations

A

-how we interact with or are treated by people in the world around us, based on our gender identity

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6
Q

Intersex

A
  • people’s whose bodies, reproductive systems, chromosomes or hormones are not characterized as male or female
  • 1 in every 1500 births (every 2 days in CAD & 5 a day in the US)
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7
Q

Transgender

A

-person whose sex assigned at birth doesn’t match their gender identity

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8
Q

Trans

A
  • describes people with diverse gender identities and gender expressions that do not conform to stereotypical ideas about what it mean story be a man or woman within society
  • crossing over the gender spectrum
  • includes those who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming
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9
Q

Difference BTW Sex and Gender

A
  • biological vs socially constructed differences
  • bodies never exist outside of social relations
  • biology and environment interacts (socialization affects our physiology)
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10
Q

The Gender Unicorn

A
  • non-binary view
  • represents the difference between gender identity, gender expression, sex, physical attraction and emotional attraction
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11
Q

Sexuality Includes…

A
  • sexual orientation
  • eroticism
  • pleasure
  • desire
  • intimacy
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12
Q

Sexuality is Expressed Through….

A
  • thoughts and fantasies
  • desires
  • beliefs
  • attitudes
  • roles
  • relationships
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13
Q

Sexuality as a SDoH

A
  • cultural and societal norms
  • discrimination and social exclusion
  • impact of gender roles on sexual expectations, relations and practises
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14
Q

Binary Understanding

A

-gives us the language and tools for addressing differences (health outcomes)

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15
Q

Gender Categories

A
  • sex and gender intersect with social factors (age, culture etc.)
  • gender shapes social conditions, practises and relations
  • data can identify differences but not explain how they came to be
  • gender-based analysis looks at gender from social relations (e.g. gender inequality)
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16
Q

Gender Inequality

A
  • ‘Patriarchy’: social system in which men are valued more than women
  • can be due to legal or social/cultural ideals (e.g. women not being allowed to vote until 1921 and were not given full property rights until 1884 in ON)
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17
Q

‘Feminization of Poverty’

A

-women tend to experience poorer material conditions

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18
Q

Gender Norms

A
  • what is considered the norm for women and men in society!
  • can influence health behaviours (access to resources)
  • Men are more vulnerable to violence through war, women are more vulnerable to intimate partner violence
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19
Q

Hegemonic Masculinity

A
  • form of masculinity that has social dominance, achieved through cultural practises and marginalization of people outside the norm
  • more understanding of how male privilege operates (social dominance)
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20
Q

Hegemonic Feminity

A
  • valued over other forms of feminity, completes the power and upholds the power of hegemonic masculinity
  • will never be more powerful than a hegemonic man, but is given more power over other female types
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21
Q

‘Toxic’ Masculinity

A
  • norms, behaviours and roles that are associated with masculinity that are considered harmful to men and others
  • e.g. aggression, dominance over women, suppression of emotion & extreme self-reliance
  • there are other types of masculinity that are NOT harmful
22
Q

Health Impacts of Toxic Masculinity

A
  • high rates of violence
  • mental health issues
  • higher rates of injury (high-risk behaviour)
23
Q

Gender within Healthcare Systems

A
  • research & knowledge
  • access
  • treatment
24
Q

Gender outside of Healthcare Systems

A
  • income & social status
  • employment
  • education
  • child development
  • lifestyle
  • vulnerability to violence
25
Q

Research behind Gender in Healthcare Systems

A
  • clinical trials were previously only done on men but results were generalized for females (shift in 1990)
  • assumption of the male body as ‘normal’
  • concerns about effect on normal fluctuations and effect on fertility of women
  • led to the lack of info on how drugs and heart attacks affect women
  • e.g. 2013 the FDA recommended that women receive a lower dose of zolpidem
  • now studies require gender as a variable
26
Q

Research behind Sexuality in Healthcare Systems

A
  • slowed response to AIDs epidemic in 1980/1990s
  • was seen as “gay disease” and received less funding/research
  • protests led to greater action and breakthroughs in research
  • e.g. ACT UP group
27
Q

Main Factors in Gender-Based Analysis

A
  • necessary to make studies more rigorous
  • necessary to address health inequalities
  • not a formula, but an approach
  • recognizes the role of gender in our lives, shapes conditions, practices and relations
  • gender-based analysis (data, collection, conclusions and solutions)
28
Q

Access to Healthcare Systems

A
  • shaped by other SDoH’s
  • may affect one’s ability to access reproductive health services
  • e.g. legal barrier, stigma, healthcare practitioner bias
  • global focus on women’s health as ‘maternal’ health ignores women outside of the reproductive age
29
Q

Treatment for Pain Based on Gender

A
  • women are more likely to get help but, less likely to receive treatment
  • women to prove themselves
  • women are hysterical or over-emotional and should be able to tolerate more pain (childbirth)
  • men are less likely to get help (social expectations)
  • E.g boys ages 5-6 are less likely than girls to express distress
  • however, when seeking help men tend to get treatment faster
30
Q

Heteronormativity

A
  • belief that heterosexuality as ‘normal’ and until proven otherwise people are assumed to be straight
  • homosexuality used to be seen as a medical disorder in the DSM until 1973
  • although it’s now recognized there are still instances of pathologization (gay conversion therapy)
  • heteronormativity still exists in medical service provision and education
  • outright discrimination by healthcare practitioners
  • fear of discrimination can lead to hiding of sexuality
31
Q

Income, Social Status and Employment

A

-women are more likely to live in poverty than men, especially during the reproductive age (20-40 years)

32
Q

Pay Gap

A
  • women earn $0.87 for every $1.00 that men earn (stats CAD)
  • discrimination in hiring and promotion (stereotypes)
  • devaluing of feminized jobs
  • women are more likely to have precarious work
  • stress caused by ‘second shift’ and unpaid labour in the home
33
Q

‘Mommy Tax’

A
  • ideal that women who have children have to spend less time at work
  • forces them to make less money as they must care for their family
34
Q

Education

A
  • impacts income and working conditions
  • education is associated with better health outcomes
  • women get 56% of bachelor’s degrees and 51% of master’s degrees
  • less representation in STEM (high-earning)
  • not always reflected in the workplace
  • women= 2/3 of those who are illiterate
  • 130 million girls aged 6-7 are not in school
  • barriers= poverty, gender roles and early marriage
35
Q

Ways to Increase Girl’s Access to Education

A
  • cash transfers, stipends and scholarships
  • reduce the distance from school
  • safe and inclusive (no violence and resources for mensuration)
  • encourage gender-sensitive material
  • end early and child marriage
  • address violence against women
36
Q

Child Development

A
  • can effect mothers and their children
  • must address the source of stress, income equality etc.
  • providing additional supports for parents
  • having more equal distribution of parental care for children (co-parenting)
37
Q

Violence

A
  • 1 in 4 women will experience intimate partner or sexual violence in their lifetime
  • 7 in 10 of all criminal harassment victims were female
  • 8 in 10 of all intimate partner violence was women
  • 9 in 10 of all sexual violence was women
  • RCMP stated that 1017 aboriginal women and girls were murdered between 1980-2012 in CAD
  • 164 aboriginal women missing in CAD on Nov 4, 2013 for a period exceeding 30 days
38
Q

Women Exposed to Partner Violence are…

A
  • 2x likely to develop depression
  • 16% more likely to have a low-weight baby
  • 42% have been injured
  • 38% of murders were committed by intimate partners
  • 1.5x more likely to get STDs or HIV
  • 2x likely to have alcohol disorders
39
Q

LGBTQ People Face…

A
  • higher rates of depression, anxiety, OCD, phobic disorders, suicidality, self-harm and substance abuse among LGBT people
  • 2x risk of PTSD
40
Q

LGBTQ Youth & Trans People Face Increased Risk of…

A
  • 14x more likely to be suicidal or have substance abuse
  • 77% have seriously considered it, 45% had attempted it
  • youth who experienced physical or sexual assault were found to be at greatest risk
41
Q

Discrimination and Mental Health

A
  • LGBT individuals who were rejected by their family were…
  • 8.4x more likely to have attempted suicide
  • 5.9x more likely to have reported high levels of depression
  • 3.4x more like to use illegal drugs
  • 3.4x more likely to have risky sex
42
Q

How to Improve SDoH Outcome

A
  • support from family & friends
  • supportive workplaces and neighbourhoods
  • low levels of internalized homophobia (supported by LGBTQ community)
  • positive responses
  • addressing other SDoH’s that may affect them
43
Q

Sexual Education

A
  • knowledge of sexual and reproductive health
  • effects sexual behaviours and health outcomes
  • addresses gender roles and expectations
  • promotion of particular gender roles and values
44
Q

Ontario’s Sex Ed Curriculum

A
  • intro in 2015
  • developed between parents and equators
  • backlash from inclusion of same-sex practices & at what age the info was included
  • reverted back to some of 1998 but mainly convert 2015 view but with removal of controversial topics
45
Q

1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (Cairo Agenda)

A
  • promote adolescent well-being
  • should address gender relations and equality
  • responsible sexual behaviour (prevention of pregnancy, STDs, violence and incest)
  • from ICPD-5
46
Q

UNFPA Recommendations for Sex-Ed

A
  • values and human rights
  • accurate info
  • gender focus
  • safe and healthy learning environment
  • promote communication, critical thinking and communication
  • youth advocacy
47
Q

Empowerment Approach

A
  • WHO: needs to examine and address gender inequalities and stereotypes
  • evidence is limited but promising
  • may affect gender issues (partner violence, sexual coercion, homophobia, school safety and sex-trafficking)
48
Q

‘Horizon’s Project’

A
  • aimed at African American girls in the US
  • theory of gender, power and social cognitive theory
  • ethnic and gender pride
  • HIV communication
  • Condom use
  • Health Relationships
  • 35% lower risk of Chlamydia with increased condom use
49
Q

Ongoing Challenges

A
  • pushback against dominant beliefs
  • differences btw what is seen as “age-appropriate”
  • out of school= most vulnerable
  • more research
50
Q

Sex-Ed in 1998

A
  • More on reproductive system
  • More on puberty
  • Problem solving in relationships
  • Communicating with opposite gender
  • More on fertilization and menstruation
  • STIs and prevention
  • Support outside school
  • Abstinence
  • STI high-risk behaviours
  • More on contraception
  • Informed choices and saying “no”
  • Consequences of sex and drug use
51
Q

Sex-Ed in 2015

A
  • Self-concept and confidence
  • First Nations teachings
  • Stereotypes, homophobia and gender role assumptions
  • Sexual orientation
  • Waiting to have sex
  • Talking about sex
  • Consent
  • STIs, pregnancy and contraception
  • Informed choices
  • More on puberty and relationships
  • Gender identity and expression
  • More on sexual health and safety
  • Understanding and respecting boundaries
  • Benefits and drawbacks of relationships

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