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Education: sociology > Gender and education > Flashcards

Gender and education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How might school shape gender identity?

A
  • influence of males and their peer groups use verbal abuse to reinforce their definitions of masculinity
  • boys in anti school subcultures often accuse boys who want to succeed as being gay or effeminate
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2
Q

What was the study Willis conducted?

A
  • An ethnographic study of 12 working class ‘lads’ from a school
  • All white in a school containing many pupils of multiple ethnicities
  • Participant observation and interviews
  • Lads prioritized having a ‘laff’ thru causing trouble over their education
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3
Q

Who spoke about teachers and their double standards?

A

Haywood and Ghail, Sue Lees

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4
Q

What did Haywood and Ghail say?

A

Teachers reinforce dominant definitions of gender identity
- male teachers told boys off for behaving like girls, ignored their verbal abuse of girls and blamed girls for attracting it
- male teachers tend to teach STEM, women teachers tend to teach humanities

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5
Q

What did Sue Lees say?

A

Found a double standard in sexual morality
- boys brag about their sexual exploits
- girls labelled as slags if they do the same
- sexual conquest approved of gaining status for boys and ignored by male teachers but classes as promiscuity in girls

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6
Q

What did feminists say about these double standards in sexual morality?

A

Creates patriarchal ideology that justifies devaluation of women and creates a subordinate gender identity

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7
Q

What is subject choice?

A

Schools determine subject choice = career options in later life
- feminine subject = likely feminine job (vice versa for masc)

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8
Q

Who spoke about subject choice?

A

Browne and Rose
Kelly
Colley

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8
Q

What did Browne and Rose say?

A

Argue that childrens belief about gender domains are shaped by expectations of adullts
- Children more confident in engaging in tasks of their own domain
- Gender image that a subject gives off affects who will want to choose it

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8
Q

What is gender domains

A

Refer to tasks that boys and girls see as their territory

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9
Q

What did Kelly say?

A

Science seen as a boys subject as teachers tend to be men
- examples in textbooks tend to draw on male experiences

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10
Q

What did Colley say?

A

Computer science seen as a masculine subject
- involves working with machines and the way it is taught often puts off females due to less group work

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10
Q

What is gender?

A

A social construct - certain things are attached to different genders

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11
Q

Who spoke about gender role socialization?

A

Oakley

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12
Q

What’s gender role socialization (GRS)?

A

A negative process of learning the behavior expected of males and females in society
- influences gender identity from early

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13
Q

What did Byrne find in relation to GRS?

A

Schools play a role, teachers encourage boys to be tough and punish feminine behaviors
- girls expected to be quiet, helpful, and punished for being rough and noisy

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14
Q

What about single sex schools?

A

Tend to have less stereotypical subject images
- Subject choice can be influenced by peer pressure due to disapproval
- Boys tend to opt out of drama and music = negatives responses from male peers

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15
Q

Who spoke about single sex schools

A

Leonard and Paetcher

15
Q

What did Leonard find?

A

Take less traditional subjects in single sex schools
- Looked at 13,000 pupils and found that compared to mixed schools, girls more likely to pick maths and science

16
Q

What did Paetcher find?

A

Girls who choose sports tend to be subject to taunts like bitch or lesbian
- single sex schoolgirls more likely to choose sports (doesnt receive as much ridicule)
- Absence of boys puts less pressure on girls to conform to gender stereotypes

17
Q

How does employment influence gender differences in education?

A

Employment is highly gendered and sex typed
- Women jobs tend to mirror the housewife role (clerical, cleaning, secretarial and personal services)
- Over half of all women’s employment is within this category compared to 1/6 of men n this category

18
Q

How does vocational courses contribute to gendered employment?

A

Gendered employment explains why vocational courses are gender specific
- more linked to students gender stereotyped career paths

19
Q

What are internal factors affecting gender and achievement?

A

Main factor: The rise of feminism
- GIST and Wise
- Role models
- Assessment methods
- Teachers interactions

20
Q

Explain the rise of feminism as an internal factor?

A
  • had a strong impact on the education system
  • Increased awareness of gender issues and stereotypes
  • Policies such as GIST (girls into science and tech) and WISE (Women in science and engineering)
21
Q

Explain more about GIST and WISE

A
  • Created in the 80s
  • Still a need for them today (may not work)
  • Initiated to encourage and celebrate female engagement with these subjects
  • Female scientists visiting schools encourages girls to pursue science
22
Q

Explain how role models contribute

A
  • increase in proportion of female teachers and head teachers in recent years
  • these women required extensive education to get to that position which encourages young females to find role models who are qualified and well educated
23
Q

What changes to education happened due to feminism?

A

National curriculum removed gender inequality by making girls and boys study the same subjects
- changed girls achievement levels
- Many barriers removed = meritocratic = girls who work harder achieve more

24
Q

Who spoke about a change in assessment methods?

A

Gorard and Browne

25
Q

What did Gorard speak about?

A

Found that the gender gap was constant until 1988 when GCSES and coursework was introduced
- gender gap = product of the changed system of assessment rather than all failing boys

25
Q

Who spoke about teachers interactions?

A

Spender and French

26
Q

What did Spender say?

A

Teachers spend more time interacting with boys

27
Q

What did French say?

A

Boys tend to receive more negative attention for poor behavior and girls receive more positive, work related attention = achievement

28
Q

How has the removal of stereotypical representations helped?

A

Removal of gender stereotypes from textbooks
- 70s and 80s, girls portrayed as housewives and mothers
boys as scientists and inventors
- presenting more positive images of what women can do

29
Q

What did Jackson say?

A

Schools see girls as more desirable to achieve better results
- league tables = emphasis on academic achievements = more opportunities for girls = overachievement
- High achieving girls sought by top schools, low achieving boys end up in unpopular schools = self fulfilling prophecy

29
Q

What are external factors in gender?

A

Main: the rise of feminism
- Political changes
- Media
- Change in family
- Change in employment

29
Q

Who spoke about marketisation and gender?

A

Jackson

30
Q

How does media relate?

A

McRobbie looked at magazine covers throughout years and found a shift from the promotion of women being married and cooks to nowadays where women are seen as powerful and achievement oriented

30
Q

Explain political changes as a external factor

A
  • Improved women’s rights and opportunities through changes in the law
  • raised women’s expectations/aspirations and self esteem - leading them to more focus in education and career opportunities for women
31
Q

Explain changes in employment as an external factor?

A
  • Rise of service, decline in manufacturing sector = crisis of masculinity (COM)
  • COM: men losing their purpose as the breadwinner in the family and as manual workers in society
  • links to changes in family, employment, gender order = a more general crisis
  • seen in vocational courses and difference in subject choice
31
Q

What’s a critique of gender and education?

A
  • radical feminists argue the system remains patriarchal - - sexual harassment still exists in school and education still limits girls subject choice and career options
  • headmasters and head of departments remain as men
31
Q

Explain changes in family

A
  • increase in divorce rates, cohabitations and lone parents
  • smaller families
  • increased number of women being the head of the house
  • To be financially stable women need qualifications = academic achievement
32
Q

What’s another critique of gender and education?

A

Women are underrepresented in many areas of the curriculum as their contribution to history is ignored
- Changes in education cannot lessen the entirety of the gender gap

33
Q

What do functionalists think about gender and education?

A

Attribute the changing nature of women in education to changes in socialization

34
Q

What is differential socialization?

A

A positive process: girls socialized to be more passive, toys related to different subjects
- causes women and men to be in gendered roles = successful society

Education: sociology (10 decks)

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