Education Scholars Flashcards
What was found regarding male teachers’ interactions with boys and girls?
Male teachers told boys off for behaving like girls and ignored boys’ verbal abuse of girls
This behavior can lead to reinforcing gender stereotypes in educational settings.
What do Sue Lees’ findings indicate about double standards in sexual morality?
Boys brag about sexual exploitation while girls are labeled as slags
This indicates a disparity in how sexual behavior is perceived based on gender.
What do Browne and Rose suggest influences children’s beliefs about gender domains?
Expectations of adults
Gender domains refer to tasks that boys and girls view as their own.
What is the significance of gender domains according to Browne and Rose?
They shape who will want to choose certain subjects based on their perceived appropriateness for their gender
Gender image affects subject choice.
How is science viewed in terms of gender, according to Kelly?
Science is seen as a boys’ subject due to male teachers and examples in textbooks
This can discourage girls from pursuing science-related fields.
Define gender role socialization as described by Oakley.
The process of learning the behavior expected of males and females in society
Early socialization influences gender identity.
What behaviors do teachers encourage in boys and girls, according to Byrne?
Boys are encouraged to be tough and punished for feminine behaviors; girls are expected to be quiet and punished for being rough or noisy
This reinforces traditional gender roles.
What impact do single-sex schools have on girls’ sports participation, according to Paetcher?
Girls in single-sex schools are more likely to select sports as they face less ridicule
The absence of boys reduces pressure to conform to gender stereotypes.
What change occurred in the gender gap in education after 1988, as noted by Gorard?
The gender gap became more pronounced with the introduction of GCSEs and coursework
This change in assessment methods affected boys and girls differently.
How do teachers interact differently with boys and girls, according to Spender?
Teachers spend more time interacting with boys
This can lead to gender biases in educational attention.
How does Jackson’s marketisation theory affect educational opportunities for girls?
High-achieving girls are sought after by top schools due to exam league tables
This has improved educational opportunities for girls.
What shift did McRobbie find in magazine representations of women?
A shift from promoting women as married and cooks to portraying them as powerful and achievement-oriented
This reflects changing societal attitudes towards women’s roles.
What is the organic analogy in functionalism as described by Spencer?
Society is likened to a human body made up of various institutions acting like organs
Problems in one area of society indicate dysfunctions elsewhere.
What role does education play in creating solidarity, according to Durkheim?
Education transmits society’s culture to the younger generation
It prepares children for wider societal interactions.
What is Parsons’ view on the role of school in socialization?
School acts as a bridge between family and wider society, applying universalistic standards
This contrasts with the particularistic standards of the family.
What does Schultz’s human capital theory emphasize?
Education teaches the specialist knowledge and skills needed for the social division of labor
This supports a skilled and productive workforce.
According to Davis and Moore, why is inequality necessary in society?
It ensures that the most important roles are filled by the most talented individuals
This encourages competition for skilled jobs.
What concept does Althusser introduce regarding the proletariat?
False class consciousness
This refers to the inability of the proletariat to see their true state, hindering revolutionary potential.
What are the two apparatuses that Althusser identifies in the state?
RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) and ISA (Ideological State Apparatus)
RSA uses force, while ISA controls ideas and beliefs.
What do Bowles and Gintis argue about the rewards in schools?
Schools reward submissive, compliant workers and punish defiant behavior
This aligns with the needs of capitalism.
Explain the correspondence principle as described by Bowles and Gintis.
Parallels exist between school and work structures, both having hierarchies
Schools prepare students for their roles in a capitalist workforce.
What is the ‘myth of meritocracy’ according to Bowles and Gintis?
The belief that the education system is fair and promotes success based on merit
It actually reproduces class and racial inequalities.
How does Gramsci describe the ruling class’s maintenance of power?
Through coercion and consent (hegemony)
This involves persuading subordinate classes that their rule is legitimate.
What does Willis argue about students’ acceptance of indoctrination?
Students can develop an anti-school attitude instead of passively accepting indoctrination for capitalism
This suggests active resistance to educational norms.
What do Ball and Whitty say about marketisation and inequality?
Marketisation reproduces and legitimates inequality through exam league tables and funding formulas
This leads to better education for high-achieving, mainly middle-class pupils.
What did Halsey et al find regarding the tripartite education system?
It didn’t provide equal opportunities, limiting potential for students in secondary modern schools
This created divisions along class lines.
What does cultural deprivation theory suggest about working-class students, according to Douglas?
They scored lower on intellectual tests due to less stimulating environments
This affects their educational success.
What did Bernstein find about language codes between social classes?
Working-class students use a restricted code, while middle-class students use an elaborate code
This affects their communication and educational outcomes.
Define cultural capital as per Bourdieu.
Symbolic elements such as skills, tastes, and social class that influence social mobility
Certain forms of cultural capital are valued over others.
What barriers to educational achievement did Sugarman identify in working-class subcultures?
Fatalism, collectivism, present-time orientation, and immediate gratification
These values hinder long-term educational goals.
What critique does Keddie offer regarding cultural deprivation theory?
It is a myth and a victim-blaming explanation; working-class families are different, not deprived
Biases in the education system disadvantage these students.
What impact does poor nutrition have on educational achievement, according to Howard?
Lower energy and vitamin intake leads to weakened immune systems and more absences from school
This directly affects students’ ability to learn.
What financial burdens do poor families face in education, as noted by Tanner et al?
Costs of transport, uniforms, books, and computers
These burdens can limit educational access for poorer students.
What did Flaherty find regarding material deprivation among ethnic groups?
Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals are more likely to be in the poorest segments of the population
This correlates with higher unemployment rates among these groups.
What does Mason say about racism in education?
Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature for minority ethnic groups in Britain
This impacts their educational experiences and outcomes.
What did Noon discover about discrimination in hiring practices?
Identical letters sent to companies received different responses based on the name (Evan vs. Patel)
This illustrates bias in employment opportunities.
What does Coard argue about the curriculum’s portrayal of race?
The curriculum presents ‘white as civilised’ and ‘black as primitive’
This reinforces negative stereotypes.
How does Sewell characterize single-parent households in terms of education?
24% of black households are single-parent compared to 10%
This can affect educational outcomes due to lack of role models.
What positive impact does globalization have on education, according to Ohmae?
Students see themselves as global citizens, fostering tolerance and respect for cultural differences
This can enhance educational experiences.
What is the educational triage described by Gillborn and Youdell?
Schools ration time and effort based on perceived student potential for achieving 5 A-C GCSEs
This can lead to neglect of working-class students labeled as ‘hopeless’.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment demonstrate about teacher expectations?
When teachers believe a child is capable, they show more motivation to help them achieve
This suggests the impact of self-fulfilling prophecy in education.
What research did Margaret Fuller conduct regarding educational achievement?
She researched black girls in a London comprehensive school
Her findings highlighted the experiences and challenges faced by these students.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study suggest about teacher expectations?
When teachers believe a child is able, they show motivation to help achieve
This demonstrates the impact of self-fulfilling prophecy.
What was the response of black girls in Margaret Fuller’s research to negative labelling?
They knuckled down and studied hard to prove their teachers and the school wrong
What is differentiation according to Lacey?
Teachers judge students and rank and categorise them into different groups based on criteria like hard work and exam success
Define polarisation in the context of Lacey’s findings.
Students become divided into two opposing groups: high achievers in top streams and failures in bottom sets
What negative views did students in lower streams have according to Smyth et al?
Students in lower streams had more negative views toward school
What are the two types of pro-school subcultures identified by Mac an Ghaill?
- Academic achievers
- New enterprisers
What characterized the academic achievers in Mac an Ghaill’s study?
They sought to achieve academic success by focusing on traditional academic subjects
What was the focus of new enterprisers according to Mac an Ghaill?
They rejected traditional academic curriculum and studied subjects like business to achieve upward mobility
What did Willis observe in his ethnographic study of working-class boys?
They saw school as pointless and gained status by disrupting lessons
What critique did Peter Woods provide regarding pupil subcultures?
Dividing subcultures into pro and anti school is too simplistic; students exhibit a variety of responses
What did Becker find in his labelling research?
Teachers judged pupils based on how closely they fitted the image of the ‘ideal pupil’
What labels did Rist find teachers used for students in his study?
- Fast learners were labelled ‘tigers’
- Less able students were labelled ‘clowns’
Fill in the blank: According to Rist, students labelled as ‘clowns’ tended to be _______.
working class
True or False: According to Becker, middle-class students were often seen as the furthest from the ideal pupil.
False
