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Education: sociology > Education Scholars > Flashcards

Education Scholars Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was found regarding male teachers’ interactions with boys and girls?

A

Male teachers told boys off for behaving like girls and ignored boys’ verbal abuse of girls

This behavior can lead to reinforcing gender stereotypes in educational settings.

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2
Q

What do Sue Lees’ findings indicate about double standards in sexual morality?

A

Boys brag about sexual exploitation while girls are labeled as slags

This indicates a disparity in how sexual behavior is perceived based on gender.

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3
Q

What do Browne and Rose suggest influences children’s beliefs about gender domains?

A

Expectations of adults

Gender domains refer to tasks that boys and girls view as their own.

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4
Q

What is the significance of gender domains according to Browne and Rose?

A

They shape who will want to choose certain subjects based on their perceived appropriateness for their gender

Gender image affects subject choice.

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5
Q

How is science viewed in terms of gender, according to Kelly?

A

Science is seen as a boys’ subject due to male teachers and examples in textbooks

This can discourage girls from pursuing science-related fields.

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6
Q

Define gender role socialization as described by Oakley.

A

The process of learning the behavior expected of males and females in society

Early socialization influences gender identity.

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7
Q

What behaviors do teachers encourage in boys and girls, according to Byrne?

A

Boys are encouraged to be tough and punished for feminine behaviors; girls are expected to be quiet and punished for being rough or noisy

This reinforces traditional gender roles.

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8
Q

What impact do single-sex schools have on girls’ sports participation, according to Paetcher?

A

Girls in single-sex schools are more likely to select sports as they face less ridicule

The absence of boys reduces pressure to conform to gender stereotypes.

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9
Q

What change occurred in the gender gap in education after 1988, as noted by Gorard?

A

The gender gap became more pronounced with the introduction of GCSEs and coursework

This change in assessment methods affected boys and girls differently.

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10
Q

How do teachers interact differently with boys and girls, according to Spender?

A

Teachers spend more time interacting with boys

This can lead to gender biases in educational attention.

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11
Q

How does Jackson’s marketisation theory affect educational opportunities for girls?

A

High-achieving girls are sought after by top schools due to exam league tables

This has improved educational opportunities for girls.

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12
Q

What shift did McRobbie find in magazine representations of women?

A

A shift from promoting women as married and cooks to portraying them as powerful and achievement-oriented

This reflects changing societal attitudes towards women’s roles.

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13
Q

What is the organic analogy in functionalism as described by Spencer?

A

Society is likened to a human body made up of various institutions acting like organs

Problems in one area of society indicate dysfunctions elsewhere.

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14
Q

What role does education play in creating solidarity, according to Durkheim?

A

Education transmits society’s culture to the younger generation

It prepares children for wider societal interactions.

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15
Q

What is Parsons’ view on the role of school in socialization?

A

School acts as a bridge between family and wider society, applying universalistic standards

This contrasts with the particularistic standards of the family.

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16
Q

What does Schultz’s human capital theory emphasize?

A

Education teaches the specialist knowledge and skills needed for the social division of labor

This supports a skilled and productive workforce.

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17
Q

According to Davis and Moore, why is inequality necessary in society?

A

It ensures that the most important roles are filled by the most talented individuals

This encourages competition for skilled jobs.

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18
Q

What concept does Althusser introduce regarding the proletariat?

A

False class consciousness

This refers to the inability of the proletariat to see their true state, hindering revolutionary potential.

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19
Q

What are the two apparatuses that Althusser identifies in the state?

A

RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) and ISA (Ideological State Apparatus)

RSA uses force, while ISA controls ideas and beliefs.

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20
Q

What do Bowles and Gintis argue about the rewards in schools?

A

Schools reward submissive, compliant workers and punish defiant behavior

This aligns with the needs of capitalism.

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21
Q

Explain the correspondence principle as described by Bowles and Gintis.

A

Parallels exist between school and work structures, both having hierarchies

Schools prepare students for their roles in a capitalist workforce.

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22
Q

What is the ‘myth of meritocracy’ according to Bowles and Gintis?

A

The belief that the education system is fair and promotes success based on merit

It actually reproduces class and racial inequalities.

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23
Q

How does Gramsci describe the ruling class’s maintenance of power?

A

Through coercion and consent (hegemony)

This involves persuading subordinate classes that their rule is legitimate.

24
Q

What does Willis argue about students’ acceptance of indoctrination?

A

Students can develop an anti-school attitude instead of passively accepting indoctrination for capitalism

This suggests active resistance to educational norms.

25
Q

What do Ball and Whitty say about marketisation and inequality?

A

Marketisation reproduces and legitimates inequality through exam league tables and funding formulas

This leads to better education for high-achieving, mainly middle-class pupils.

26
Q

What did Halsey et al find regarding the tripartite education system?

A

It didn’t provide equal opportunities, limiting potential for students in secondary modern schools

This created divisions along class lines.

27
Q

What does cultural deprivation theory suggest about working-class students, according to Douglas?

A

They scored lower on intellectual tests due to less stimulating environments

This affects their educational success.

28
Q

What did Bernstein find about language codes between social classes?

A

Working-class students use a restricted code, while middle-class students use an elaborate code

This affects their communication and educational outcomes.

29
Q

Define cultural capital as per Bourdieu.

A

Symbolic elements such as skills, tastes, and social class that influence social mobility

Certain forms of cultural capital are valued over others.

30
Q

What barriers to educational achievement did Sugarman identify in working-class subcultures?

A

Fatalism, collectivism, present-time orientation, and immediate gratification

These values hinder long-term educational goals.

31
Q

What critique does Keddie offer regarding cultural deprivation theory?

A

It is a myth and a victim-blaming explanation; working-class families are different, not deprived

Biases in the education system disadvantage these students.

32
Q

What impact does poor nutrition have on educational achievement, according to Howard?

A

Lower energy and vitamin intake leads to weakened immune systems and more absences from school

This directly affects students’ ability to learn.

33
Q

What financial burdens do poor families face in education, as noted by Tanner et al?

A

Costs of transport, uniforms, books, and computers

These burdens can limit educational access for poorer students.

34
Q

What did Flaherty find regarding material deprivation among ethnic groups?

A

Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals are more likely to be in the poorest segments of the population

This correlates with higher unemployment rates among these groups.

35
Q

What does Mason say about racism in education?

A

Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature for minority ethnic groups in Britain

This impacts their educational experiences and outcomes.

36
Q

What did Noon discover about discrimination in hiring practices?

A

Identical letters sent to companies received different responses based on the name (Evan vs. Patel)

This illustrates bias in employment opportunities.

37
Q

What does Coard argue about the curriculum’s portrayal of race?

A

The curriculum presents ‘white as civilised’ and ‘black as primitive’

This reinforces negative stereotypes.

38
Q

How does Sewell characterize single-parent households in terms of education?

A

24% of black households are single-parent compared to 10%

This can affect educational outcomes due to lack of role models.

39
Q

What positive impact does globalization have on education, according to Ohmae?

A

Students see themselves as global citizens, fostering tolerance and respect for cultural differences

This can enhance educational experiences.

40
Q

What is the educational triage described by Gillborn and Youdell?

A

Schools ration time and effort based on perceived student potential for achieving 5 A-C GCSEs

This can lead to neglect of working-class students labeled as ‘hopeless’.

41
Q

What did Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment demonstrate about teacher expectations?

A

When teachers believe a child is capable, they show more motivation to help them achieve

This suggests the impact of self-fulfilling prophecy in education.

42
Q

What research did Margaret Fuller conduct regarding educational achievement?

A

She researched black girls in a London comprehensive school

Her findings highlighted the experiences and challenges faced by these students.

43
Q

What did Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study suggest about teacher expectations?

A

When teachers believe a child is able, they show motivation to help achieve

This demonstrates the impact of self-fulfilling prophecy.

44
Q

What was the response of black girls in Margaret Fuller’s research to negative labelling?

A

They knuckled down and studied hard to prove their teachers and the school wrong

45
Q

What is differentiation according to Lacey?

A

Teachers judge students and rank and categorise them into different groups based on criteria like hard work and exam success

46
Q

Define polarisation in the context of Lacey’s findings.

A

Students become divided into two opposing groups: high achievers in top streams and failures in bottom sets

47
Q

What negative views did students in lower streams have according to Smyth et al?

A

Students in lower streams had more negative views toward school

48
Q

What are the two types of pro-school subcultures identified by Mac an Ghaill?

A
  • Academic achievers
  • New enterprisers
49
Q

What characterized the academic achievers in Mac an Ghaill’s study?

A

They sought to achieve academic success by focusing on traditional academic subjects

50
Q

What was the focus of new enterprisers according to Mac an Ghaill?

A

They rejected traditional academic curriculum and studied subjects like business to achieve upward mobility

51
Q

What did Willis observe in his ethnographic study of working-class boys?

A

They saw school as pointless and gained status by disrupting lessons

52
Q

What critique did Peter Woods provide regarding pupil subcultures?

A

Dividing subcultures into pro and anti school is too simplistic; students exhibit a variety of responses

53
Q

What did Becker find in his labelling research?

A

Teachers judged pupils based on how closely they fitted the image of the ‘ideal pupil’

54
Q

What labels did Rist find teachers used for students in his study?

A
  • Fast learners were labelled ‘tigers’
  • Less able students were labelled ‘clowns’
55
Q

Fill in the blank: According to Rist, students labelled as ‘clowns’ tended to be _______.

A

working class

56
Q

True or False: According to Becker, middle-class students were often seen as the furthest from the ideal pupil.

A

False

Education: sociology (11 decks)

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