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Education: sociology > Educational Social policy > Flashcards

Educational Social policy Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was the first act that attempted to make basic education available to all 5-11 year old’s?

A

1870 education act (E)

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2
Q

What did the act (E) lead to and what was education like prior to this?

A

The idea that the state should pay for education
Access to education was largely based on social class

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3
Q

What were the 3 schools that the act made available?

A

Elementary school: working class up to 14
Fee paying grammar schools: working class boys
Expensive fee paying schools: upper class

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4
Q

What act has the tripartite system?

A

1944 Butler education act (BE)

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5
Q

What did the act (BE) do?

A

Created a radically altered education system and a state funded secondary sector to improve society based on academic ability through introducing a 11+ exam at the end of primary.

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6
Q

What is the tripartite system?

A

Grammar schools: academic students that passed
Secondary technical: mechanical/scientific talent
Secondary modern: students who failed - vocational courses

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7
Q

What are the rules of marking and amendments in 1944?

A

Girls required to take marks off. less than 8 right = a fail. Pass rate is aprox 80%

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8
Q

Why was there gendered grading in the tripartite system?

A

Fewer same sex girls schools in 1944 (more boys schools) = fewer girls could go

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9
Q

Why is the tripartite system problematic?

A

11+ exam seen as unfair and inaccurate, the test was clumsy as it couldn’t predict intellectual development. Disadvantaged working class kids who couldn’t afford tutoring or primary school

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10
Q

What year was the comprehensive education act?

A

1965

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11
Q

What did the 1965 comprehensive act do?

A

Encouraged the growth of a comprehensive school system with sure start centers and EMA’s (£30 a week)

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12
Q

What are pros of the comprehensive act?

A
  • Abolished the tripartite system
  • Broke down social barriers
  • Catered to all abilities, no one labelled as a failure
  • Cheaper to fund
  • Catchment area
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13
Q

What was the cons of the comprehensive act?

A
  • limits parental choice
  • more able students held back
  • accept lower standards
  • catchment areas can lead to more social class division
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14
Q

When was the vocational act?

A

1979

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15
Q

What is the context of the vocationalism act?

A
  • Declining British economy
  • Rising unemployment
  • Education possibly failed to produce appropriately skilled and motivated young workers
  • Equality of opportunity was deemed less important than industry needs
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16
Q

What did the vocational act do?

A

introduced courses that focused on practical achievement

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17
Q

What are the pros of the vocational act?

A
  • offered an alternative route for less academic learners
  • gave hands on experience
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18
Q

What are the cons of the vocational act?

A
  • reproduced social class inequalities
  • reproducing inequalities between different ethic groups
  • reinforces gender differences for subject and jobs
  • seen by Marxists as a form of exploitation for the working class
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19
Q

What act caused a major change to the education system?

A

1988 education reform act

20
Q

What does the reform act do?

A

Introduce many policies to standardize and measure the success of education.
Such as:
- SATs
- The national curriculum
- League tables
- Ofsted

21
Q

What is the national curriculum?

A

Requires all schools to teach the same subject content from 7-16 and core subjects at GCSE levels. SATs and GCSEs were introduced as part of it.

22
Q

What do SATs and GCSEs do?

A

Ensure that every student and school was assessed using the same type of exam.

23
Q

What do league tables do?

A

Allow parents to compare and choose between schools in their local area with the assistance of the national curriculum to see which is best

24
Q

How are the new right relevant to league tables?

A
  • Introduce school league tables (schools ranked based on exam performance in SATs, GCSEs and A levels)
  • Theorized league tables would force schools to raise standards because parents wouldn’t choose a poor school.
25
Q

What is OFSTED and what’s the context?

A
  • Established in 1988, the government organization that inspects schools, reports are published and underachieving schools are shut if they consistently receive bad reports.
  • Aim: to drive up and raise standards, poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools
26
Q

How is marketisation relevant to social policies and education?

A
  • Make schools compete with each other for government funding = turned into businesses (education market)
  • the better a school does the previous year the more money a school receives the following year
  • Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want (eg: good exam results) will thrive
  • Those that don’t will go out of business and will either close down or taken over by management who will run things more efficiently
27
Q

What is parentocracy in education?

A

Parental choice directly affects the school budget, every extra pupil means extra money for the school

28
Q

How does parentocracy work?

A

Schools publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988 and parents make a choice based on this as to which school to send their pupils to

29
Q

What are the changes from 1988 to 2000?

A
  • school diversity
  • excellence in cities and education action zones
  • curriculum 2000 and EMA
  • OFSTED can close failing schools
  • Abolished grants and introduced students loans for HE
30
Q

What happened between 2010-2015?

A

Coalition government formed between the conservatives and liberal democrats

31
Q

What do main policies include?

A
  • Increase in tuition fees at uni
  • Removal of the EMA
  • Intro of free schools
  • Encourage schools to take academy status
  • Introduced the pupil premium
  • Changes to curriculum, linear model for exams and removing opportunities for resistance
32
Q

What are the COVID policies?

A
  • Covid catch up and recovery premiums
  • Extra funding for the national tuition programme
  • £200 million addition funding for summer schools in summer 2021
  • Extra training and support for teacher’s mental health and wellbeing
33
Q

What does the covid catch up premium consist of?

A

£650 million allocated to schools to help provide catch up lessons in 2021, including running summer schools
- Amounted £80 per pupil up to year 11 inclusive, £240 for SEND pupils

34
Q

What does the covid recovery premium consist of?

A

An additional £350 million for the 2021-2022 academic year for schools delivering ‘evidence based approaches’ to help students catch up
- Money is supposed to targeted at the economically disadvantaged and SEND pupils

35
Q

What are critiques of covid policies?

A
  • £1.4 Million isn’t enough
    > pitifully small compared to other European countries
  • UK: £50 a head, Netherlands: £2500 a head
  • Don’t tackle wider inequalities that are the root of poorer pupils falling behind in the pandemic
36
Q

Who spoke about globalisation and education?

A

McLuhan wrote about the global village, the idea that through global communications we have neighbors all around the world

37
Q

What smaller policies promote marketisation?

A
  • Publication of league tables and OFSTED inspection
    > reports to give parents the info they need to choose the right schools
  • Business sponsorship of schools
  • Formula funding
    > where schools receive the same amounts of funding for each pupil
  • Schools being able to opt out of LEA control
    > prevents schools having to compete with each other to attract pupils
38
Q

What did ball and whitty talk about?

A
  • Marketisation reproduces and legitimates inequality through league tables and funding formula
    > schools with good results are in high demand, schools can be selective, middle class pupils mainly chosen = advantage: better education
    > lower schools cannot select, full of working class pupils
  • funding determines pupil numbers, popularity = more money, schools can afford to attract better qualified teachers and facilities
    > unpopular schools lose income and find it difficult to match teachers and facilities with rivals
39
Q

How did globalization affect the economy?

A
  • Jobs were exported = large growth of the public sector, may lead to a reduction in Bowles and Gintis correspondence principle (irrelevant)
  • Led to expanding the education system and taking on best practices from countries globally such as free schools
40
Q

How was the economy before?

A
  • Unable to compete with the vast amount of emerging manufacturing economies due to labor expenses
    > population needs reskilling according to the 1990 labor party: encouraged to attend HE
  • Consistently ranked lower than many countries = policies such as marketisation and parentocracy to compete
41
Q

What is the definition of marketisation?

A

The process of adding/applying market principles to the education system (student = consumer)

42
Q

What did the new labour introduce that helped schools in deprived areas?

A

Introduced excellence in cities and city academies which turned failing schools in inner city areas and combined them into city center academies with additional funding from private enterprise

43
Q

What changes were made to HE from 1990 to 2010?

A
  • New universities built/formed in 1992 through a policy that allowed colleges and polytechnics to apply for uni status
  • Tuition fees - 1998: £1000
    2010: £3000
44
Q

What is pupil premium?

A

Additional funds allocated to schools for students of low income families

45
Q

What did Ball say about parentocracy?

A

Parentocracy is a myth: education market only serves those with the cultural capital to negotiate it (middle class)

Education: sociology (10 decks)

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