Gender Flashcards
1980s
Major concern with females low achievement
1990s
Females began to significantly outperform males
What class outperformed boys in 1990s?
Working class
Present day
Males tend to be underachieving compared to females
Who showed that gender achievement rollercoasted
Browne 2008
Who does better in sats
Girls
Who does better in GCSE’s
Girls
What subject do boys outperform girls in GCSE’s
Science
What fraction of girls achieve A*-C grades
2/3
What fraction of boys achieve A*-C grades
1/2
Who stays in post 16 education more
Girls
Who is more likely to achieve 3 a levels
Girls
Who is accepted into universities
Girls
External / outside school factors for why females tend to outperform
Impact of feminism
Changes in women’s employment
Changes in family
Changing attitude and ambitions
Internal / inside school factors for why females tend to outperform
Equal opportunities policies
Positive role models
GCSE and coursework
Stereotyping and labelling
Sharpe 1976-1994 study
Just like a girl
Sharpe
1976 - love marriage husbands children career
1994 - career independence then maybe relationships
McRobbie
Magazines such as Jackie in the 70’s encourages women to get married in comparison to nowadays women are presented with positive role models in the media
Mitsos and Browne
Economy has created more feminised careers e.g. Health care hospitality and teaching etc
Equal pay act
Made it illegal to pay one sex more than the other
Webb et al
Number of women in employment went fro 47% to 70% from 1959 to 2007
Pay gap decreased from 30% to 17% since 1975
Francis
Interviewed girls on their future careers and since employment increased they aimed for high professions e.g. Doctors
Weiner
Sexist images removed books and replaced with more positive female imagery
In what year were GCSES and coursework introduced?
1988/9
Why does coursework favour girls?
Spend more time
Take care in presentation
More organised than boys
Develop better speaking in oral exams
Swann
Boys dominate discussions compared to girls
Groddal
Boys are more likely to attract the attention of the teacher
Barber
Boys over estimate their ability whilst girls underestimate theirs
Stanworth
Boys are more lie,lot to blame lack of effort or teachers for their failure
Epstein
Boys are likely to be called a sissie or swot as well as being subjected to homophobic harassment
Wikeley
Boys opt for scientific and mathematical subjects whereas girls take English and languages at a level
Kelly
Science teachers more likely to be male
Boys monopolise the equipment
Text books more suited to male interests
Paetcher
Girls are called butch and lesbian if involved in sport
Connell
Hegemonic masculinity - dominance of heterosexual masculine identities
Male gaze
Females are seen as sexual objects by a hegemonic masculine identity
