Gender

Question 1

Kholberg’s stages of G. development with ages

Answer 1

Gender identity - 2-3yrs
Gender stability - 3-7yrs
Gender consistency - 7-12yrs

Question 2

Stages of G. development according to Slaby + Fray

Answer 2

Gender identity - 4yrs
Gender stability - 4.5yrs
Gender consistency - 5yrs (Kholberg)

Question 3

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 3

Conservation in inanimate objects; apply to gender; gender consistency (Kholberg)

Question 4

Wainraub

Answer 4

observation of 2-3yr olds. Children who had good understanding of gender chose more gender stereotyped toys; acting how they thought they SHOULD (Kholberg)

Question 5

Munroe

Answer 5

Sequence of gender development is universal (e.g. Kenya/Nepal); cognitive factors more important than social (Kholberg)

Question 6

Martin + Little

Answer 6

Pre-school children had minimal gender understanding but very gender stereotypical toy preferences; Kholberg’s stages were wrong

Question 7

Main difference between gender schema theory and Kholberg

Answer 7

Happens at a much younger age

Question 8

Bem’s ‘lenses’ through which we view the world

Answer 8

Gender polarisation (men and women are physiologically and psychologically different). Androcentrism (men=dominant). Biological essentialism (these diffs are all natural) (G. schema)

Question 9

Bauer

Answer 9

modelled G. stereotyped behaviour to kids as young as 2.
Male: shaving a teddy Female: changing its nappy Neutral: going on a treasure hunt. Boys recall male behaviours only, girls recall all; boys use G. schemas before girls

Question 10

Martin et. al

Answer 10

showed kids “boy” toys and “girl” toys. Girls played with toys called “for girls” and vice versa (G. schema)

Question 11

Liben + Sinorella

Answer 11

Showed kids pics of adults engaging in activities typically of the opposite sex: female firefighter, male nurse. Children later insisted that nurse was female, firefighter was male; kids register info consistent with their gender schemas

Question 12

Baby X studies

Answer 12

If child arbitrarily given a boy’s name, pps adopted more physical play and male-stereotyped toys; evidences pps’ gender schemas. -ve: highly controlled (social influences on gender roles)

Question 13

Langois + Downs

Answer 13

when children played with opp. gender toys: mothers - accepting, fathers - openly disapproving, peers - -ve reaction (social influences on gender roles)

Question 14

Bussey and Bandura

Answer 14

3-4yr olds: “would you feel ‘great or ‘really awful’ if you played with same/cross-sex toys?” +ve to same sex -ve to cross-sex toys (-ve range of responses) (social influences on gender roles)

Question 15

2 types of socialising agent

Answer 15

Informal (friends, family)
Formal (police, teachers)
(social influences on gender roles)

Question 16

Social cognitive theory

Answer 16

Cognitions - dressed/given toys G. appropriate
Social processes - praise/punishment
Schemas - what they decide for themselves (social influences on gender roles)

Question 17

Durkin

Answer 17

7-12yr olds use TV to adjust their understanding of gender (social influences on gender roles)

Question 18

Lauer

Answer 18

British childrens’ TV strongly portrays gender stereotypes (social influences on gender roles)

Question 19

Influence of schools

Answer 19

Teachers=role models. 75% primary teachers=female. Maths, science=mainly male-taught

Question 20

Wolffian system

Answer 20

SRY gene, TDF produced, gonads - testes, testes: testosterone, development of male characteristics (biological influences on gender development)

Question 21

Mullerian system

Answer 21

absence of SRY gene, absence of TDF, gonads - ovaries (biological influences on gender development)

Question 22

The Brain (testosterone)

Answer 22

Testosterone slows down development of emotional area and speeds up development of systematising area…masculation of the brain during pregnancy (opposite for women) (biological influences on gender development)

Question 23

Geshwind + Galaburda

Answer 23

Right hemisphere: spatial awareness, Left hemisphere: language.
Men: thicker right-hemisphere of the brain; improved spatial awareness but reduced verbal reasoning skills (biological influences on gender development)

Question 24

Driesen

Answer 24

Corpus callosum (connection between hemispheres) is larger in females. Explains their superior ability to read non-verbal emotional indicators (biological influences on gender development)

Question 25

Batista boys (case study)

Answer 25

Genetically XY(male) but didn’t go through wolffian system until puberty so looked like girls. Once puberty started, they developed male sex organs and became male (biological influences on gender development)

Question 26

Young et al

Answer 26

Female monkeys who were exposed to testosterone in womb had masculine traits. (biological influences on gender development)

Question 27

Vandenburg

Answer 27

Rats line up in the womb. Females who were next to males had more male traits due to increased exposure to testosterone. (biological influences on gender development)

Question 28

Biosocial: G. development=complex interaction between…

Answer 28

Biologically based sex diffs, Developmental processes, Culture. These lead to gender dimorphism

Question 29

Whiting + Whiting

Answer 29

G. roles more pronounced in (e.g.) Kenya where children adopt gender roles at an early age (gather resources/keep house+cook) (Biosocial)

Question 30

E-S theory AO1

Answer 30

Baron-Cohen: extension of hunting hyp. Men are systematising, women are empathising due to dimorphic roles in EEA (Evolutionary)

Question 31

E-S theory AO2

Answer 31

Baron-Cohen: Questionnaires: only 17% men=empathising 17% women=systematising -ve small sample, ethnocentric bias, self-report questionnaires (Evolutionary)

Question 32

Buss (2 studies) (Evolutionary)

Answer 32

1. Galvanic skin response higher in men when view sexual betrayal, higher in women when view emotional betrayal.
2. 37 cultures, 11,000pps: men liked younger, hour-glass women. Women like resources. (Evolutionary)

Question 33

Margaret Mead - New Guinea

Answer 33

Arapesh: males+females=gentle, share child rearing
Mundugomor: males+females=agg, dislike child rearing
Tchambuli: Males: crafts, grooming. Females: dominant (culture)

Question 34

Berdache

Answer 34

3rd gender in native american groups. more status than woman, less than man, women’s activities (culture)

Question 35

Medicine

Answer 35

Lakota tribe: 3rd gender: Winkte. accomp warriors as servant (culture)