Gender: 20 mark Flashcards

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1
Q

ONS: Men make up the majority of workers in the top _% of earners for all employees, but the gap is lower for those under _ (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

10% // 30

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2
Q

ONS: In the private business sector of employment, the gender pay gap is _% compared to the public sector, which is _% (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

25% // 17%

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3
Q

ONS: Self-employed women earn around _% less than self-employed men (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

40%

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4
Q

ONS: Up to ___ women are sacked each year simply for being pregnant (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

30,000

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5
Q

Sylvia Walby (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

Argues that trade unions are patriarchal institutions, are dominated by men and usually act in the interests of men.

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6
Q

Catherine Hakim (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

A

Women now have a choice to stay at home due to greater affluence, meaning they choose not to have full time jobs and instead stay at home and look after their children.

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7
Q

According to a survey of more than ___ adults, _% women will be living below the poverty line when they retire, compared to _% men (WOMEN: POVERTY)

A

10,000 // 25% // 12%

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8
Q

___ figures produced for the Department of work & Pensions show that _% of children living in lone-parent families are poor and _% of lone-parent families are headed by women (WOMEN: POVERTY)

A

2009 // 52% // 90%

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9
Q

Engels (WOMEN: POVERTY)

A

Women continue to be financially disadvantaged compared to men, tending to get lower wages and lower-status jobs than men

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10
Q

_% of women, compared to _% of men, have a persistent low income (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

22% // 14%

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11
Q

The income of retired women is less than _% of that of retired men (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

40%

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12
Q

Approximately _% of people in national minimum wage jobs are women (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

70%

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13
Q

Women are more than _% of the world’s population but own only _% of the world’s wealth (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

50% // 1%

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14
Q

Oakley (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

Many aspects of inequality are linked to the fact that women are socialised into the maternal role and social expectations place a duty on women to take breaks from work to look after children

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15
Q

Glass ceiling (WOMEN: INCOME)

A

Women are frequently told they can reach the top levels/promotions at work and can see them, but there are always barriers in the way to stop them from achieving this, such as employers negative perceptions of women in the workplace or the fact women have to go on maternity leave

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16
Q

Dual (WOMEN: FAMILY)

A

Women are seen to take on the majority of housework within the household, even when they are in employment

17
Q

Duncombe and Marsdsen interviewed __ white couples who had been married __ years and found women actually perform a triple shift of paid work, emotional work and housework/childcare. (WOMEN: FAMILY)

A

40 // 15

18
Q

Jonathan Gershuny found wives who did not go to work did _% of the housework. Wives who worked full-time did _%. However, even when women were in full-time paid work they still did the majority of the housework. (WOMEN: FAMILY)

A

83% // 73%

19
Q

Murdock (WOMEN: FAMILY)

A

Biological differences between men and women were the basis of the sexual division of labour in society. Biological differences, such as the greater physical strength of men and the fact that women bear children, lead to gender roles. This is the most efficient way of organising society.

20
Q

New Right (WOMEN: FAMILY)

A

Men should take on the role of the breadwinner, whilst women should take on the role of housewife. The way the family is organised is essential for a stable, organised society- moving away from it could lead to social breakdown and disorder. The male provider ensures that the family does not rely on the state to provide through benefits. Having a female housewife ensures that the breadwinner is supported and children do not suffer from material deprivation which could lead to problems in later life such as delinquency, crime and mental illness.

21
Q

Girls in the UK gain more _ - _ grade GCSEs compared to boys (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

A* // C

22
Q

Government data shows that boys are _ as likely to have a Special Educational need (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

Twice

23
Q

Government data shows that boys are _ as likely to have literacy problems (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

Twice

24
Q

Boys are _ times more likely to be excluded from school (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

Four

25
Q

Department of Education figures since since __ have shown that ____ boys are the largest underachieving group in education (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

2008 // white-working-class

26
Q

Mac & Ghail (BOYS: EDUCATION)

A

‘Crisis of masculinity’

27
Q

Department of Health data from __ showed that on females are to live __ years longer than males (BOYS: HEALTH)

A

2010 // four

28
Q

The ONS data in __ found on average men develop heart disease __ earlier than women (BOYS: HEALTH)

A

2010 // ten

29
Q

ONS data in __ found the rate of suicide for men is __ times that of the number for women (BOYS: HEALTH)

A

2011 // three

30
Q

__% of those dependent on alcohol are male (BOYS: HEALTH)

A

80%

31
Q

According to health and safety data collected in the UK, more than __% of the __ people killed in the workplace every year are men (BOYS: WORK)

A

95% // 200

32
Q

In __ the Office for National Statistics found that men in the UK work an average of __ hours a week, compared with __ for women (BOYS: WORK)

A

2010 // 39 // 34

33
Q

What did functionalists believe in? (BOYS: WORK)

A

A ‘human capital theory’ which states men longer hours than women and have the responsibility of being a breadwinner, therefore they are rewarded for this through things such as higher pay than women