Gender: 20 mark

Question 1

ONS: Men make up the majority of workers in the top _% of earners for all employees, but the gap is lower for those under _ (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 1

10% // 30

Question 2

ONS: In the private business sector of employment, the gender pay gap is _% compared to the public sector, which is _% (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 2

25% // 17%

Question 3

ONS: Self-employed women earn around _% less than self-employed men (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 3

40%

Question 4

ONS: Up to ___ women are sacked each year simply for being pregnant (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 4

30,000

Question 5

Sylvia Walby (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 5

Argues that trade unions are patriarchal institutions, are dominated by men and usually act in the interests of men.

Question 6

Catherine Hakim (WOMEN: WORKPLACE)

Answer 6

Women now have a choice to stay at home due to greater affluence, meaning they choose not to have full time jobs and instead stay at home and look after their children.

Question 7

According to a survey of more than ___ adults, _% women will be living below the poverty line when they retire, compared to _% men (WOMEN: POVERTY)

Answer 7

10,000 // 25% // 12%

Question 8

___ figures produced for the Department of work & Pensions show that _% of children living in lone-parent families are poor and _% of lone-parent families are headed by women (WOMEN: POVERTY)

Answer 8

2009 // 52% // 90%

Question 9

Engels (WOMEN: POVERTY)

Answer 9

Women continue to be financially disadvantaged compared to men, tending to get lower wages and lower-status jobs than men

Question 10

_% of women, compared to _% of men, have a persistent low income (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 10

22% // 14%

Question 11

The income of retired women is less than _% of that of retired men (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

Approximately _% of people in national minimum wage jobs are women (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 12

70%

Question 13

Women are more than _% of the world’s population but own only _% of the world’s wealth (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 13

50% // 1%

Question 14

Oakley (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 14

Many aspects of inequality are linked to the fact that women are socialised into the maternal role and social expectations place a duty on women to take breaks from work to look after children

Question 15

Glass ceiling (WOMEN: INCOME)

Answer 15

Women are frequently told they can reach the top levels/promotions at work and can see them, but there are always barriers in the way to stop them from achieving this, such as employers negative perceptions of women in the workplace or the fact women have to go on maternity leave

Question 16

Dual (WOMEN: FAMILY)

Answer 16

Women are seen to take on the majority of housework within the household, even when they are in employment

Question 17

Duncombe and Marsdsen interviewed __ white couples who had been married __ years and found women actually perform a triple shift of paid work, emotional work and housework/childcare. (WOMEN: FAMILY)

Answer 17

40 // 15

Question 18

Jonathan Gershuny found wives who did not go to work did _% of the housework. Wives who worked full-time did _%. However, even when women were in full-time paid work they still did the majority of the housework. (WOMEN: FAMILY)

Answer 18

83% // 73%

Question 19

Murdock (WOMEN: FAMILY)

Answer 19

Biological differences between men and women were the basis of the sexual division of labour in society. Biological differences, such as the greater physical strength of men and the fact that women bear children, lead to gender roles. This is the most efficient way of organising society.

Question 20

New Right (WOMEN: FAMILY)

Answer 20

Men should take on the role of the breadwinner, whilst women should take on the role of housewife. The way the family is organised is essential for a stable, organised society- moving away from it could lead to social breakdown and disorder. The male provider ensures that the family does not rely on the state to provide through benefits. Having a female housewife ensures that the breadwinner is supported and children do not suffer from material deprivation which could lead to problems in later life such as delinquency, crime and mental illness.

Question 21

Girls in the UK gain more _ - _ grade GCSEs compared to boys (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 21

A* // C

Question 22

Government data shows that boys are _ as likely to have a Special Educational need (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 22

Twice

Question 23

Government data shows that boys are _ as likely to have literacy problems (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 23

Twice

Question 24

Boys are _ times more likely to be excluded from school (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 24

Four

Question 25

Department of Education figures since since __ have shown that ____ boys are the largest underachieving group in education (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 25

2008 // white-working-class

Question 26

Mac & Ghail (BOYS: EDUCATION)

Answer 26

‘Crisis of masculinity’

Question 27

Department of Health data from __ showed that on females are to live __ years longer than males (BOYS: HEALTH)

Answer 27

2010 // four

Question 28

The ONS data in __ found on average men develop heart disease __ earlier than women (BOYS: HEALTH)

Answer 28

2010 // ten

Question 29

ONS data in __ found the rate of suicide for men is __ times that of the number for women (BOYS: HEALTH)

Answer 29

2011 // three

Question 30

__% of those dependent on alcohol are male (BOYS: HEALTH)

Answer 30

80%

Question 31

According to health and safety data collected in the UK, more than __% of the __ people killed in the workplace every year are men (BOYS: WORK)

Answer 31

95% // 200

Question 32

In __ the Office for National Statistics found that men in the UK work an average of __ hours a week, compared with __ for women (BOYS: WORK)

Answer 32

2010 // 39 // 34

Question 33

What did functionalists believe in? (BOYS: WORK)

Answer 33

A ‘human capital theory’ which states men longer hours than women and have the responsibility of being a breadwinner, therefore they are rewarded for this through things such as higher pay than women