Gender

Question 1

How many convicts are male?

Answer 1

• 4/5

Question 2

What types of crime are females more likely to commit?

Answer 2

• Property offences

Question 3

What types of crime are males more likely to commit?

Answer 3

• Violent or sexual crimes

Question 4

Who discusses the Chivalry Thesis?

Answer 4

– Otto Pollak; men have more of a protective attitude towards females which results in male police officers being less likely to arrest and less convictions

Question 5

What does the Chivalry thesis believe?

Answer 5

• Women appear less in crime statistics as men and the CJS are socialised to act more chivalrous towards women

Question 6

Who supports the Chivalry Thesis by saying women are more likely to be cautioned?

Answer 6

Flood

Question 7

What do official statistics say that provide evidence for the Chivalry Thesis?

Answer 7

• Women are more likely to be released on bail, receive a fine and less likely to go to prison

Question 8

What are the arguments against Chivalry?

Answer 8

• Women commit less serious offences therefore appear in statistics less often.
• Farrington and Morris studied 408 cases of theft in the Mag court and found that women were not sentenced leniently in comparison to similar male offences.

Question 9

What do Feminists believe about Chivalry?

Answer 9

• Believe the courts punish women more harshly:
• Heideson; women are punished for both their crime and deviating from their biological gender norm

-Carlen; courts assessed and judged women on both their crime and their fulfilment as their role as a mother

Question 10

What are the three main explanations towards female crime?

Answer 10

• Functionalist Sex Role Theory
• Heidensohn Control Theory
• Liberation Thesis

Question 11

Who talks about sex role theory and what do they say?

Answer 11

• Parsons: Women take on the expressive role within the household, however boys reject this tenderness and femininity, and are forced to seek out masculinity via anti-social behaviour and delinquency, due to the lack of an accurate role model as the father plays the instrumental role. Girls however have a accurate role model and are less likely to fall into crime.

Question 12

What do New Right theorists argue about the Sex Role Theory?

Answer 12

• That matrifocal lone parent families lead boys into criminal gangs as a source of masculinity.

Question 13

Why do feminists disagree with FSR theory?

Answer 13

• They make biological assumptions about sex

Question 14

Who discusses the Control Theory as a result of less female crime?

Answer 14

• Heidensohn

Question 15

What does the Control Theory argue?

Answer 15

• Women are controlled within a patriarchal society which reduces their opportunity to commit crimes

Question 16

In what three ways are women controlled according to Heidensohn?

Answer 16

• Home- restricted in the home by their domestic duties, as well as women who object to this role can become subjects of domestic abuse.

-Work- women are often subordinate to men in the workplace and pay remains unequal, therefore women are still financially reliable on men.

-Public- The fear of being a subject to male crime controls women in the public sphere as it restricts them from going out.