Ethnicity Flashcards
What groups are over-represented in the CJS and is so, by what percent?
Blacks take up 2.8% of the population and 1% of the prison population, Asian groups take 4.7% of the population yet 6% of the prison population.
Are whites under represented?
Yes
What is a negative of victim surveys when studying ethnicity?
Only represent personal crimes, no information of ethnic differences within corporate crime.
Who believes that whites over identify blacks as offenders in Victim Surveys?
Bowling and Phillips
What do self report study’s tell us about ethnic differences?
Sharp & Budd: White groups are more likely to admit to a crime by 40%, followed by blacks 27% and Asians at 21%
What did Graham and Bowling find?
That offending rates for black groups and white groups are fairly similar averaging 44%-43%
Overall what do self report studies contradict?
That black groups are more likely to commit crimes.
How much more likely is a Black person to be stopped and searched under ‘reasonable suspicion’?
7x
How much more likely is an Asian person to be stopped and searched and how did the Terrorism Act 2000 influence this rate?
Previously, Asians were 2x more likely to be S+S, but after the TA2000 removed reasonable suspicion, there are now 3x more likely to be stopped and searched. This created a strained relationship between A + the CJS and lead to an ‘over policed, under-protected’ mindser.
What are the statistics involving ethnic minorities and taser incidents:
Asians are 3/10,000 to be involved, whites are 6/10,000 and Blacks are 18/10,000
What is an example of police racism in policing?
The Macpherson report: Discovered institutional racism in the Metropolitan Police enforcing a canteen culture.
In 2014/2015, how much more was the black groups rate of arrest’s to that of white groups?
3x that of Whites
Are black groups less or more likely to be cautioned? Why?
Less likely, as they are less likely to admit to a crime, due to a strained relationship with the CJS and therefore less likely to receive a caution.
What is the trend in trailing of ethnic minority cases?
More likely to drop ethnic minority cases, evidence weak as it is based of racial stereotypes?
Are black and Asian groups more likely to be found guilty or not guilty?
Not guilty
What does Hood say?
Black sentences are more likely to be 3 months longer and Asian sentences are more likely to be 9 months longer than white groups.
How much more likely are blacks to be in prison that whites?
4x
Which two theories explain differences between ethnic minority criminality?
- Left Realists
- Neo Marxists
When did the issues originally arise regarding black and Asian criminality?
Black -1970
Asian- 1990
What do Lea and Young (LR) Argue?
- The differences in ethnic minority offending are real differences between the groups, they acknowledge racism can occur, but given that Asian rates are lower and 90% of information is provided by the public, the idea that it exists is questionable.
-E/M are more likely to be materially deprived which leads to economic exclusion and marginalisation
-E/M are more likely to join deviant subcultures due to relative deprived which results in more utilitarian crime and a deviant label.
How can we critise Left Realists?
- Asian crime rates are lower as they are stereotypes differently to blacks, and not as threatening, therefore police do not act upon their stereotype as efficiently.
What do Neo-Marxists argue?
-Reject the validity of official statistics and believe they are socially constructed from the racism and institutional racism of the CJS
What does Gilroy study? (NM)
The Myth of Black Criminality: Black crime arose as a revolution and response to British Imperialism and their struggle for equality has been criminalised by the state.
How can we critise Gilroy?
- L+Y argue
