Control Punishment Victims Flashcards
Who talks about Situational Crime Prevention?
Clarke
What is Situational Crime Prevention?
- A pre-emptive approach to reduce the opportunity to commit crime.
- Directed at a specific type of crimes, managing environments and reducing the rewards of committing.
Which realist prefer situational crime?
Right Realism
What is the case study for Situational Crime Prevention?
The New York Bus Terminals- re designed sinks, less crime
What is the displacement of crime and how can it occur?
- Situational crime just displaces crime.
- It can occur via;
Spatial- a different area
Tactical- a different technique
Target- a new victim.
What does Chaiken say about displacement?
- The robbery crackdown in New York displaced crime to streets above the subways.
How can we critique situational crime prevention?
- Focus is heavily on petty crimes and ignored white collar.
- Ignores the root causes of why crime occurs initally.
What is Environmental Crime Prevention?
- Favoured by right realists
- Focus on ‘cleaning up the environment’
- Wilson & Kellings Broken Windows
What is the case study for Environmental Crime?
- New York- Clean car approach, 1933-96; murder decreased by 50%
How can we criticise the Case Study for Environmental Crime?
- 7000 extra police officers
- General crime decrease anyways
- Less availability to crack cocaine
- More jobs and more employment
What does Social and Community crime focus on?
- To remove the conditions that pre-dispose people to crime
- The social context of the potential offender
What is the case study for S+C Crime?
Perry Pre School Project- disadvantaged black youths experienced intellectual enrichment for 2 years and as a result were less likely to be arrested and graduated high school.
How can we critique S+C Crime Prev?
- Disregards environmental crimes and crimes of the powerful
- Whyte: studied 26 crime partnerships and what crimes they were targeting- vehicle, burglary and drugs crimes: mostly w/c crimes.
What is surveillance?
The monitoring of public behaviours for the purpose of population and crime control, observing and correcting behaviour.
What two forms of punishment does Foucalt identify?
Sovereign; the monarch previously had control over everyone, punishment via execution, control over bodies
Disciplinary; control through body, soul and mind via surveillance, aims to rehabilitate the offender and has infiltrated every part of society.
What does Foucalt say about the Panoptican?
As the cells were visible from a central watch tower it encouraged self surveillance / discipline.
How can we critise Foucalt?
- The shift from Sov to Disciplinary has been exaggerated, USA still execute.
- Exaggerates extent of control; Goffman believes some prisoners refrained from being controlled even in controlled environments.
- Norris; CCTV just causes displacement
- Feminists believe CCTV extension of male gaze.
What is Synoptic Survelliance?
- Matheison; the many are able to monitor the few, everyone can watch everyone.
Who discusses Labelling and Surveillance and what do they say?
- Ditton; CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements.
Who discusses Assemblages and Surveillance?
Haggarty and Erickson- surveillance can manipulate virtual objects and be used alongside virtual recognition programmes.
