GENDER Flashcards
BINARY
a choice between two states e.g. a person can only be a man or a woman
CONFIRMATION BIAS
we tend to pay more attention and remember info that supports our beliefs
FEMININITY
traits or behaviours considered appropriate for females
MASCULINITY
traits or behaviours considered appropriate for males
SEX
Biological differences between males and females (nature)
GENDER
Psychological, social difference between males and females. (nuture)
NON BINARY
term that suggests gender cant be be divided into two distinct categories e.g gender is not a question from being male or female
GENDER FLUID
Having different gender identities at different times
GENDER IDENTITY
A person’s sense of their own gender
GENDER DYSPHORIA
discomfort arising from a mismatch between a person’s sex assigned at birth and their birth and their gender identity
COGNITIVE BIASES
error in our processing that affects what we notice, remember and decisions
2 BIASES THAT CAN LEAD TO GENDER INEQUALITY
- Alpha Bias
- Beta Bias
ALPHA BIAS
exaggerating the differences between men and women
- encourages women and women to identify with their gender
BETA BIAS
minimising the differences between men and women
- believes men and women are equal
GENDER SCHEMA
info consistent with gender schema is more likely to be stored and recalled than inconsistent info
2 FACTORS THAT CAN PRIME GENDER BEHAVIOUR
- Sex-role stereotypes
- Gender Roles
SEX ROLE STEROTYPES
based on traditional views of gender e.g. men are aggressive
GENDER ROLES
The roles that women and me n are seen performing also prime typical behaviour.
GENDER IDENTITY IN CHILDHOOD
By 3 most children can state if they are a boy or girl
GENDER IDENTITY IN ADOLESCENCE - GENDER TYPICALITY
means the individual has to reflect on their personal qualities and make a judgement about how closely they fit a gender category
2 INFLUENCES ON CULTURE ON GENDER
- Third Gender
- Fa’afafine of Samoa
OPERANT CONDITIONING AND GENDER
parents tend to reward children with praise and encouragement when children act appropiate to their gender
VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT
If a female sees a female be rewarded in a way for acting in a gender typical way it is likely they will act the same way too. (monkey see, monkey do)
COUNTER STEREOTYPES
Pingree (1978) found that sterotyping was reduced when children were shown commercials with women in non traditional roles
ROLE OF THE MEDIA
Those who have a higher exposure to typical gender representation tend to display stereotypical gender role beliefs than others
TESTESTERONE
Chemical found more in males
OESTROGEN
Chemical found more in females
OXYTOCIN
The bonding/affection chemical that is found more in females then men
CONGENTAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)
condition in which a genetically female feotus is exposed to abnormally high testosterone
COMPLETE ADROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME (CAIS)
condition where a genetically-male foetus is immune to testosterone
DOMINANT MALE THEORY
as males must compete for females the strongest dominant males mate most frequently
DIVISION OF LABOUR IN THE EEA
Where men and women in EEA adopt different roles to ensure reproductive success
MALE CHROMOSOME
XY
FEMALE CHROMOSOME
XX
KLIENFELTER SYNDROME
- chromosome - XXY
- found in 1 in 1000 males
TURNER SYNDROME
- chromosome - X0
- found in 1 in 2000
